朝鲜蓟(CynaracardunculusL.subsp。scolymus)是地中海盆地的重要作物,具有许多特性,比如保护肝脏,抗癌,抗氧化剂,抗菌,对人类健康有益。高生物活性化合物(BAC)含量,作为多酚,引起了朝鲜蓟提取物的研究兴趣。我们分析了消毒(S)无病毒和非消毒(NS)朝鲜蓟植物之间的多酚转录组变化,重点研究苯丙素代谢途径和类黄酮生物合成相关基因。对总共2458个上调和2154个下调的差异表达基因(DEGs)进行了功能表征。其中,31和35KEGG矫形条目的特征是上调和下调的DEG,分别,参与其他次生代谢产物的生物合成。下调PAL,C4H,4CL,HST/HQT,C3\'H,CCoAMT,CCR1和F5H,在朝鲜蓟中观察到,与NS相比,而CSE,CHS,和CHI基因在S样本中上调。将转录组结果与S和NS朝鲜蓟叶片中的多酚积累进行了比较。在NS样品的老叶中观察到较高的总多酚含量,与从幼叶或S植物中获得的提取物相比,这一结果与NS植物中病毒感染的存在有关。在所有测试的条件下,最具代表性的化合物是绿原酸,其次是木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷。通过在啮齿动物肝癌FaO细胞系上对活性氧(ROS)的积累进行多酚剂量反应处理来评估每种提取物的不同组成。当使用来自NS或S植物的10-20mg/L多酚时,观察到ROS含量在-40%和-48%之间的显着降低。以化合物的特定概况为特征。为了减少多酚提取物中的MetOH残留,对超临界流体CO2萃取进行了评估,提出了一种可持续的绿色萃取方法。
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus) is an important crop of the Mediterranean basin characterized by many properties, like hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and beneficial to human health. The high bioactive compounds (BACs) content, as polyphenols, has attracted the research interest in artichoke extracts. We analysed the changes in polyphenol transcriptome profile between sanitized (S) virus-free and non-sanitized (NS) artichoke plants, focusing on genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis. A total of 2458 upregulated and 2154 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were functionally characterized. Among them, 31 and 35 KEGG orthology entries characterized by upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively, were involved in the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. A downregulation of PAL, C4H, 4CL, HST/HQT, C3\'H, CCoAMT, CCR1, and F5H, was observed in S artichoke compared to NS one, whereas the CSE, CHS, and CHI genes were upregulated in S samples. Transcriptome results were compared to the polyphenols accumulation in S and NS artichoke leaves. A higher content of total polyphenols was observed in older leaves of NS samples, compared to extracts obtained from young leaves or from S plants, and this result was associated with the presence of viral infections in NS plants. In all the conditions tested, the most represented compound was chlorogenic acid, followed by luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The different composition of each extract was evaluated by a polyphenol dose-response treatment on the rodent hepatoma FaO cell line to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A significant reduction in ROS content ranging between -40% and -48% was observed when 10-20 mg/L of polyphenols from NS or S plants were used, characterized by a specific profile of compounds. To reduce MetOH residues in polyphenol extracts, a supercritical fluid CO2 extraction was evaluated to propose a sustainable green extraction.