Brazil is one of the world\'s largest consumers of pesticides. This intense use impacts the environment and exposes a wide range of individuals to pesticides, including rural workers who are occupationally exposed and rural residents who are environmentally exposed. We aimed to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to pesticides on the health of rural workers and rural residents. We conducted an epidemiological study with 104 farmers and 23 rural residents of Casimiro de Abreu (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). A comparison group (urban residents) comprised 103 residents of the urban area of the same city. We determined the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) using a modified version of Ellman\'s method to evaluate exposure. In addition, we performed genotoxic and mutagenic analyses with the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. There was a reduction in cholinesterase activity, mainly BChE, in rural workers and rural residents compared with urban residents (p = 0.002). There was an increase in genotoxic effects in rural workers compared with urban residents (comet assay, p < 0.001; CBMN assay, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a greater chance of genotoxic changes in rural workers exposed to pesticides based on the comet assay (odds ratio [OR] 7.6, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 6.6-15.9) and the CBMN assay (OR 22.7, 95 % CI 10.3-49.9). We found that individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides are more likely to have genotoxic effects. These findings are useful for the development of programs to monitor populations exposed to genotoxic substances and allow the development of strategies for the prevention, control, and surveillance of effects that result from occupational and environmental exposures to pesticides.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the barriers to the uptake of eye care services in urban and rural communities in Papua New Guinea.
METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional descriptive study and involved multi-stage sampling. Communities were randomly selected from each of the three clusters of Madang District for free eye care outreaches from June to September 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the outreach patients. The study excluded attendees who refused to consent. Responses were rated from 1 (not a barrier) to 10 (a very strong barrier). The p-value significance was set at ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS: The majority of the 972 participants (60.2%) were from rural communities. The mean age of participants was 40.82 ± 13.14 years. Almost two-thirds of the participants (61.4%) never had an eye examination before this study was conducted. All the participants reported that time constraint, insufficient income, good vision in the fellow eye, not considering their eye conditions as serious issues and cultural beliefs were personal barriers to accessing eye care services. Provider-related challenges included long waiting periods at eye clinics and fear of procedure complications. There were differences in barriers with respect to the participants\' demographic clusters.
CONCLUSIONS: There are major personal- and service-related barriers to eye care services in Madang. These barriers could be overcome through strategic human resource development, health education, school screening programs, and establishing eye care centres in the communities to improve the uptake of eye care services in Madang and more widely across the country.

UNASSIGNED: In sub-Saharan Africa, achieving universal health coverage (UHC) and protecting populations from health-related financial hardship remain challenging goals. Subsequently, community-based health insurance (CBHI) has gained interest in low and middle-income countries, such as Ethiopia. However, the rural-urban disparity in CBHI enrollment has not been properly investigated using multivariate decomposition analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the rural-urban disparity of CBHI enrollment in Ethiopia using the Ethiopian Mini Demographic Health Survey 2019 (EMDHS 2019).
UNASSIGNED: This study used the latest EMDHS 2019 dataset. STATA version 17.0 software was used for analyses. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between CBHI enrollment and the explanatory variables. The rural-urban disparity of CBHI enrollment was assessed using the logit-based multivariate decomposition analysis. A p-value of <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine the statistical significance.
UNASSIGNED: The study found that there was a significant disparity in CBHI enrollment between urban and rural households (p < 0.001). Approximately 36.98% of CBHI enrollment disparities were attributed to the compositional (endowment) differences of household characteristics between urban and rural households, and 63.02% of the disparities were due to the effect of these characteristics (coefficients). The study identified that the age and education of the household head, family size, number of under-five children, administrative regions, and wealth status were significant contributing factors for the disparities due to compositional differences between urban and rural households. The region was the significant factor that contributed to the rural-urban disparity of CBHI enrollment due to the effect of household characteristics.
UNASSIGNED: There were significant urban-rural disparities in CBHI enrollment in Ethiopia. Factors such as age and education of the household head, family size, number of under-five children, region of the household, and wealth status of the household contributed to the disparities attributed to the endowment, and region of the household was the contributing factor for the disparities due to the effect of household characteristics. Therefore, the concerned body should design strategies to enhance equitable CBHI enrollment in urban and rural households.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the effects of age, period, and cohort on the trends of depression; and to examine the influence of these three temporal effects on residential disparities in depression.
UNASSIGNED: Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during 2011 to 2020, involving 77,703 respondents aged 45 years old and above. The measurement of depressive symptoms was the score of 10-question version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10). The hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random effects models were conducted to examine trends in depressive symptoms related to age, period and cohort.
UNASSIGNED: CES-D scores increased with age and slightly decreased at older age. The cohort trends mostly increased except for a downward trend among those born in 1950s. As for the period effect, CES-D scores decreased gradually from 2011 to 2013 followed by a upward trend. Rural residents were associated with higher level of depression than those live in urban area. These residence gaps in depression enlarged before the age of 80, and then narrowed. The urban-rural disparities in CES-D scores gradually diminished across cohorts, while the corresponding period-based change in urban-rural gaps was not significant.
UNASSIGNED: When age, period, cohort factors are considered, the age effects on depression dominated, and the period and cohort variations were relatively small. The residence disparities in depression reduced with successive cohorts, more attention should be paid to the worsening depression condition of younger cohorts in urban areas.

UNASSIGNED: Social media usage carries risks of negative impacts on one\'s perception of physical attractiveness, especially among adolescents who are developing their self-image. These findings suggest that targeted interventions focusing on attention-seeking behaviors may be effective in addressing appearance-related anxieties among adolescents.
UNASSIGNED: We employed Bayesian analysis with Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms on survey data from 11,926 middle school students in China.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings indicate that while the amount of daily social media usage does not significantly correlate with appearance concerns, the desire for social media attention through interactions such as liking, commenting, and sharing shows a clear positive association. Female adolescents exhibit a higher degree of concern about their physical appearance compared to males. Additionally, behaviors aimed at improving perceived physical attractiveness, such as exercising and using skin-whitening products, are positively associated with increased appearance concerns.
UNASSIGNED: These findings suggest that targeted interventions focusing on attention-seeking behaviors may be effective in addressing appearance-related anxieties among adolescents.

While maintaining a robust reserve of daily necessities is crucial for urban safety, but there is a lack of scientific basis for determining \"what to store\" and \"how much to store.\" This paper address this gap by classifying and summarizing the emergency materials of urban necessities in Shanghai, and establishing a corresponding reserve list. By constructing an index model of daily necessities reserve, this paper provides a scientific foundation for \"what to store.\" Additionally, the reserve levels of different types of daily necessities are classified and managed, the reserve model of emergency daily necessities is constructed. This approach clarifies the scientific basis for \"how much to store,\" overcoming the problems of subjective factors interference and the potential mismatch between the results of objective weighting method and reality. Furthermore, to better cope with emergencies, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: optimizing the material structure of emergency reserves, managing the material reserves at different levels, scientifically and reasonably planning the amount of emergency materials, and reducing the cost of reserves and improve the efficiency of emergency reserves.

Objective: To analyze the detection of colorectal advanced neoplasms in the population who underwent colonoscopy screening in Henan Province as part of the Urban China Cancer Screening Program and its influencing factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Based on the Cancer Screening Program conducted in Henan Province, the study enrolled 7 454 urban residents who manifested no symptoms and were recruited from eight cities in the province, including Zhengzhou, Zhumadian, Anyang, Luoyang, Nanyang, Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, and Puyang from October 2013 to October 2019, and participated in colonoscopy screening. The χ2 test was used to compare the detection rates of colorectal advanced neoplasms among participants with different characteristics, and a multivariate logistic stepwise regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting the detection rates. Results: A total of 7 454 subjects underwent colonoscopy screening, and 112 cases of colorectal advanced neoplasms were detected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that older age, smoking, higher meat intake, history of diabetes, and family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative were risk factors for colorectal advanced neoplasms. The detection rate was significantly higher in people aged 60-74 years compared with those aged 40-49 years, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.04 (95% CI: 1.23-3.38).The rates were higher in people who smoked than those who did not smoke, with an OR of 2.21 (95% CI: 1.48-3.31), and in people who consumed more meat than those who consumed less, with an OR of 1.53 (95% CI: 1.04-2.26). Those with diabetes had a higher detection rate compared with those without, with an OR of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.07-2.69), and those with a first-degree family history of colorectal cancer had a higher detection rate than those without, with an OR of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.09-2.46). Conclusion: The detection rate of colorectal advanced neoplasms through colonoscopy screening in Henan Province covered by the Urban China Cancer Screening Program is 1.50%. Older age, smoking, higher meat intake, history of diabetes, and family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative are identified as risk factors for colorectal advanced neoplasms.
目的： 探讨河南省城市癌症早诊早治项目中结肠镜筛查人群结直肠进展期肿瘤检出情况及其影响因素。 方法： 采用横断面研究设计，依托河南省城市癌症早诊早治项目，以2013年10月至2019年10月在河南省郑州市、驻马店市、安阳市、洛阳市、南阳市、焦作市、新乡市和濮阳市招募的无症状参与结肠镜筛查的7 454名城市居民为研究对象，采用χ2检验比较不同特征人群的结直肠进展期肿瘤检出率，采用多因素logistic回归模型分析结直肠进展期肿瘤检出的影响因素。 结果： 接受结肠镜筛查的7 454人中共检出进展期肿瘤112例，检出率为1.50%。多因素logistic回归分析显示，年龄、吸烟史、肉类摄入量、糖尿病史和一级亲属结直肠癌家族史是结直肠进展期肿瘤检出的独立影响因素。与40～49岁组相比，60～74岁组检出结直肠进展期肿瘤的风险增高（OR=2.04，95% CI：1.23～3.38）；与不吸烟人群相比，正在吸烟的人群检出结直肠进展期肿瘤的风险增高（OR=2.21，95% CI：1.48～3.31）；与肉类摄入量较少的人群相比，肉类摄入量较多的人群检出结直肠进展期肿瘤的风险增高（OR=1.53，95% CI：1.04～2.26）；与无糖尿病史的人群相比，有糖尿病史的人群检出结直肠进展期肿瘤的风险增高（OR=1.69，95% CI：1.07～2.69）；与无一级亲属结直肠癌家族史的人群相比，有一级亲属结直肠癌家族史的人群检出结直肠进展期肿瘤的风险增高（OR=1.64，95% CI：1.09～2.46）。 结论： 河南省城市癌症早诊早治项目中结肠镜筛查结直肠进展期肿瘤的检出率为1.50%，高龄、吸烟、肉类摄入较多、糖尿病史、结直肠癌一级亲属家族史是结直肠进展期肿瘤的危险因素。.

BACKGROUND: When medically indicated, caesarean section (CS) can be a life-saving intervention for mothers and their newborns. This study assesses the prevalence of CS and its associated factors, focussing on inequalities between rural and urban areas in Nigeria.
METHODS: We disaggregated the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018 and performed analyses separately for Nigeria\'s overall, rural, and urban residences. We summarised data using frequency tabulations and identified factors associated with CS through multivariable logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: CS prevalence was 2.7% in Nigeria (overall), 5.2% in urban and 1.2% in rural areas. The North-West region had the lowest prevalence of 0.7%, 1.5% and 0.4% for the overall, urban and rural areas, respectively. Mothers with higher education demonstrated a greater CS prevalence of 14.0% overall, 15.3% in urban and 9.7% in rural residences. Frequent internet use increased CS prevalence nationally (14.3%) and in urban (15.1%) and rural (10.1%) residences. The southern regions showed higher CS prevalence, with the South-West leading overall (7.0%) and in rural areas (3.3%), and the South-South highest in urban areas (8.5%). Across all residences, rich wealth index, maternal age ≥ 35, lower birth order, and ≥ eight antenatal (ANC) contacts increased the odds of a CS. In rural Nigeria, husbands\' education, spouses\' joint healthcare decisions, birth size, and unplanned pregnancy increased CS odds. In urban Nigeria, multiple births, Christianity, frequent internet use, and ease of getting permission to visit healthcare facilities were associated with higher likelihood of CS.
CONCLUSIONS: CS utilisation remains low in Nigeria and varies across rural-urban, regional, and socioeconomic divides. Targeted interventions are imperative for uneducated and socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers across all regions, as well as for mothers in urban areas who adhere to Islam, traditional, or \'other\' religions. Comprehensive intervention measures should prioritise educational opportunities and resources, especially for rural areas, awareness campaigns on the benefits of medically indicated CS, and engagement with community and religious leaders to promote acceptance using culturally and religiously sensitive approaches. Other practical strategies include promoting optimal ANC contacts, expanding internet access and digital literacy, especially for rural women (e.g., through community Wi-Fi programs), improving healthcare infrastructure and accessibility in regions with low CS prevalence, particularly in the North-West, and implementing socioeconomic empowerment programs, especially for women in rural areas.

The presence of community cats roaming freely in urban spaces has caused considerable controversy. This is because the management and care of community cats have yet to become part of urban community governance. This research analyzes the process and mechanism of integrating community cats into urban community governance from the interaction between community cats and urban residents. Data were collected through participatory observation and unstructured interviews. Drawing upon the analytical framework of \'Norms, Trust, and Networks\' derived from social capital theory, this research reveals that social norms and trust activate the social capital of the community, fostering a social network with \'community cats\' at its core. More importantly, this social network extends the scope of care from the community cat to other members of the community. This research defines this mechanism as \'care extension.\' This not only fosters a neighborly relationship between residents and community cats that goes beyond mere ecological interactions, but also helps foster a compassionate and harmonious multi-species urban community.

Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region.
Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região.