背景:双酚A(BPA;或4,4'-异亚丙基二酚)是内分泌干扰化学物质。多年来,它已广泛用于各种基于塑料的制成品中。由于对免疫毒性的担忧,欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)最近将BPA的每日耐受性摄入量(TDI)减少了20,000倍。
目的:我们使用人类生物监测(HBM)数据调查了2007年至2014年18-73岁欧洲女性(n=4,226)的BPA暴露水平及其决定因素。
方法:来自12个国家的15项研究(奥地利,比利时,丹麦,法国,德国,希腊,以色列,卢森堡,斯洛文尼亚,西班牙,瑞典,和英国)包括在欧洲联合计划HBM4EU内制定的BPA研究协议中。通过严格的协调后流程收集了与双酚A暴露相关的70个变量。线性混合回归模型用于研究合并人群中总尿液BPA的决定因素。
结果:在15项贡献研究中的14项研究中,85-100%的女性中测定了总BPA。只有奥地利的PBAT研究(西欧),其定量限比其他研究高2.5至25倍(LOQ=2.5µg/L),在分析的尿液样本中发现总BPA不到5%。在有贡献的研究中,总尿液BPA的几何平均值(GM)为0.77至2.47µg/L。在法国(西欧)的ELFE子集中观察到总BPA的最低GM(GM=0.77µg/L(0.98µg/g肌酐),n=1741),最高的是比利时(西欧)和希腊(南欧),来自DEMOCOPHES(GM=2.47µg/L(2.26µg/g肌酐),n=129)和HELIX-RHEA(GM=2.47µg/L(2.44µg/g肌酐),n=194)个子集,分别。在这项研究的15个数据收集中,有14个女性超过了基于健康的人类生物监测指导值(HBM-GVGenPop),即从更新的EFSA的BPATDI中得出的0.0115µg总BPA/L尿液。与总尿液BPA测量相关的变量以及与主要社会人口统计学特征相关的变量(年龄,高度,体重,教育,吸烟状况)被收集在几乎所有的研究中,虽然在大多数原始研究中没有收集到与BPA暴露因素相关的几个变量(塑料瓶中含有的饮料的消费,罐头食品或饮料的消费,与塑料包装接触的食品消费,使用塑料薄膜或塑料容器的食品,房子里有塑料地板,使用热敏纸...)。在欧洲女性中没有发现明显的尿液中BPA总浓度的决定因素。计划在贡献研究的原始问卷中收集的更广泛的数据将导致对欧洲妇女BPA暴露的决定因素进行更彻底的调查。
结论:这项研究强调迫切需要采取行动,进一步减少对BPA的暴露,以保护人群,就像欧盟的情况一样。该研究还强调了预先协调HBM设计和数据以在欧洲范围内产生可比数据和可解释结果的重要性。并增加监管机构对HBM的吸收。
BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA; or 4,4\'-isopropylidenediphenol) is an endocrine disrupting chemical. It was widely used in a variety of plastic-based manufactured products for several years. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recently reduced the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for BPA by 20,000 times due to concerns about immune-toxicity.
OBJECTIVE: We used human biomonitoring (HBM) data to investigate the general level of BPA exposure from 2007 to 2014 of European women aged 18-73 years (n = 4,226) and its determinants.
METHODS: Fifteen studies from 12 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) were included in the BPA Study protocol developed within the European Joint Programme HBM4EU. Seventy variables related to the BPA exposure were collected through a rigorous post-harmonization process. Linear mixed regression models were used to investigate the determinants of total urine BPA in the combined population.
RESULTS: Total BPA was quantified in 85-100 % of women in 14 out of 15 contributing studies. Only the Austrian PBAT study (Western Europe), which had a limit of quantification 2.5 to 25-fold higher than the other studies (LOQ=2.5 µg/L), found total BPA in less than 5 % of the urine samples analyzed. The geometric mean (GM) of total urine BPA ranged from 0.77 to 2.47 µg/L among the contributing studies. The lowest GM of total BPA was observed in France (Western Europe) from the ELFE subset (GM=0.77 µg/L (0.98 µg/g creatinine), n = 1741), and the highest levels were found in Belgium (Western Europe) and Greece (Southern Europe), from DEMOCOPHES (GM=2.47 µg/L (2.26 µg/g creatinine), n = 129) and HELIX-RHEA (GM=2.47 µg/L (2.44 µg/g creatinine), n = 194) subsets, respectively. One hundred percent of women in 14 out of 15 data collections in this study exceeded the health-based human biomonitoring guidance value for the general population (HBM-GVGenPop) of 0.0115 µg total BPA/L urine derived from the updated EFSA\'s BPA TDI. Variables related to the measurement of total urine BPA and those related to the main socio-demographic characteristics (age, height, weight, education, smoking status) were collected in almost all studies, while several variables related to BPA exposure factors were not gathered in most of the original studies (consumption of beverages contained in plastic bottles, consumption of canned food or beverages, consumption of food in contact with plastic packaging, use of plastic film or plastic containers for food, having a plastic floor covering in the house, use of thermal paper…). No clear determinants of total urine BPA concentrations among European women were found. A broader range of data planned for collection in the original questionnaires of the contributing studies would have resulted in a more thorough investigation of the determinants of BPA exposure in European women.
CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the urgent need for action to further reduce exposure to BPA to protect the population, as is already the case in the European Union. The study also underscores the importance of pre-harmonizing HBM design and data for producing comparable data and interpretable results at a European-wide level, and to increase HBM uptake by regulatory agencies.