Dementia incidence is lower among Asian Americans than Whites, despite higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes, a well-known dementia risk factor. Determinants of dementia, including type 2 diabetes, have rarely been studied in Asian Americans. We followed 4,846 Chinese, 4,129 Filipino, 2,784 Japanese, 820 South Asian, and 123,360 non-Latino White members of a California-based integrated healthcare delivery system from 2002-2020. We estimated dementia incidence rates by race/ethnicity and type 2 diabetes status, and fit Cox proportional hazards and Aalen additive hazards models for the effect of type 2 diabetes (assessed 5 years before baseline) on age of dementia diagnosis controlling for sex/gender, educational attainment, nativity, height, race/ethnicity, and a race/ethnicity*diabetes interaction. Type 2 diabetes was associated with higher dementia incidence in Whites (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-1.52). Compared with Whites, the estimated effect of diabetes was larger in South Asians (2.26 [1.48-3.44]), slightly smaller in Chinese (1.32 [1.08-1.62]) and Filipino (1.31 [1.08-1.60]), and similar in Japanese (1.44 [1.15-1.81]) individuals. Heterogeneity in this association across Asian subgroups may be related to type 2 diabetes severity. Understanding this heterogeneity may inform prevention strategies to prevent dementia for all racial and ethnic groups.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) is an evidence-based, non-pharmacological intervention for older adults with mild to moderate dementia. While CST has been adapted in various ways, this study explored the impact of adding a spiritual dimension to CST. Participants (N = 34) were divided into spiritual and traditional CST groups based on their residence. After a 14-session intervention involving interactive conversations, the spiritual CST group showed significantly lower depression scores (M = 2.7) compared to traditional CST (M = 6.5). With the global increase in dementia-related disorders, non-pharmacological interventions like CST offer crucial support for addressing memory loss. Social workers are uniquely positioned to deliver CST to diverse populations who value spirituality or faith in their daily lives.

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What is this summary about? This is a plain language summary of an article published in the journal Brain. People with Alzheimer\'s disease may receive treatments that target amyloid-β – a protein in the brain that is one of the key characteristics of Alzheimer\'s disease when it is present in higher levels than normal. This article is about amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), which can be adverse events for people with Alzheimer\'s disease receiving antibody treatments targeting amyloid-β (known as anti–amyloid-β antibody treatments). This article also discusses ways to identify and manage ARIA.ARIA are adverse events that happen due to amyloid-β buildup in the brain or following treatments targeting amyloid-β. ARIA are identified on MRI scans as swelling or bleeding in the brain, and people with ARIA do not typically have symptoms. In rare cases, ARIA can cause serious symptoms or lead to disability.What are the key takeaways? There are two types of ARIA: ARIA-E (swelling in the brain) and ARIA-H (bleeding in the brain).Presence of an APOE ε4 gene variant and exposure to anti–amyloid-β antibody treatments are major risk factors for ARIA.With the recent availability in the clinic of antibody treatments targeting amyloid-β, increased awareness is needed to identify, monitor and manage ARIA effectively.What were the main conclusions reported by the researchers? Uniform detection, monitoring and management of ARIA are essential in patients receiving antibody treatments targeting amyloid-β. To increase ARIA detection in clinical trials and clinical practice, the authors recommend the implementation of uniform imaging protocols and rigorous reporting standards.

BACKGROUND: Although reproductive hormones are implicated in cerebral small vessel disease in women, few studies consider measured hormones in relation to white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), a key indicator of cerebral small vessel disease. Even fewer studies consider estrone (E1), the primary postmenopausal estrogen, or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), an indicator of ovarian age. We tested associations of estradiol (E2), E1, and FSH to WMHV among women.
METHODS: Two hundred twenty-two women (mean age = 59) underwent hormone assays (E1, E2, FSH) and 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging. Associations of hormones to WMHV were tested with linear regression.
RESULTS: Higher E2 (B[standard error (SE)] = -0.17[0.06], P = 0.008) and E1 (B[SE] = -0.26[0.10], P = 0.007) were associated with lower whole-brain WMHV, and higher FSH (B[SE] = 0.26[0.07], P = 0.0005) with greater WMHV (covariates age, race, education). When additionally controlling for cardiovascular disease risk factors, associations of E1 and FSH to WMHV remained.
CONCLUSIONS: Reproductive hormones, particularly E1 and FSH, are important to women\'s cerebrovascular health.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite widespread belief that sex hormones are important to women\'s brain health, little work has considered how these hormones in women relate to white matter hyperintensities (WMH), a major indicator of cerebral small vessel disease. We considered relations of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to WMH in midlife women. Higher E2 and E1 were associated with lower whole-brain WMH volume (WMHV), and higher FSH with higher whole-brain WMHV. Associations of E1 and FSH, but not E2, to WMHV persisted with adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors. Findings underscore the importance of E2 and FSH to women\'s cerebrovascular health.

UNASSIGNED: Cognitive impairments, ranging from mild to severe, adversely affect daily functioning, quality of life, and work capacity. Despite significant efforts in the past decade, more than 200 promising drug candidates have failed in clinical trials. Herbal remedies are gaining interest as potential treatments for dementia due to their long history and safety, making them valuable for drug development. This review aimed to examine the mechanisms behind the effect of Polygonum multiflorum on cognitive function.
UNASSIGNED: This study focused primarily on the effects of Polygonum multiflorum and its chemical constituents on cognitive behavioral outcomes including the Morris water maze, the passive avoidance test, and the Y maze, as well as pathogenic targets of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) like amyloid deposition, amyloid precursor protein, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cognitive decline. Additionally, a thorough evaluation of the mechanisms behind Polygonum multiflorum\'s impact on cognitive function was conducted. We reviewed the most recent data from preclinical research done on experimental models, particularly looking at Polygonum multiflorum\'s effects on cognitive decline and AD.
UNASSIGNED: According to recent research, Poligonum multiflorum and its bioactive components, stilbene, and emodin, influence cognitive behavioral results and regulate the pathological target of cognitive impairment and AD. Their mechanisms of action include reducing oxidative and mitochondrial damage, regulating neuroinflammation, halting apoptosis, and promoting increased neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.
UNASSIGNED: This review serves as a comprehensive compilation of current experiments on AD and other cognitive impairment models related to the therapeutic effects of Polygonum multiflorum. We believe that these findings can serve as a basis for future clinical trials and have potential applications in the treatment of human neurological disorders.

This review article assesses the effectiveness and limitations of strategies to reduce falls among hospitalized older adults with frailty and dementia. It explores the efficacy of existing fall prevention strategies for a cohort that is acutely susceptible to falls and fall-related consequences. A systematic literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, employing Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to identify studies on fall prevention strategies in hospitalized older adults with both dementia and frailty published from 2013 to 2023. The initial 643 records were distilled to eight articles, with Structured Interdisciplinary Bedside Rounds (SIBR) emerging as a notable intervention. SIBR demonstrated a reduction in falls by fostering improved interdisciplinary communication and care planning. However, a decline in family engagement during consecutive sessions suggests a need for strategies to sustain familial involvement. The findings advocate for patient-centered interventions that address the cognitive and functional challenges faced by this cohort of older adults. This review advocates for comprehensive and inclusive research in hospital environments to improve fall prevention strategies for frail older adults with dementia.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in the brain, leading to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer\'s disease (AD). The pathophysiology of AD is influenced by receptors for AGEs and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Protein glycation results in irreversible AGEs through a complicated series of reactions involving the formation of Schiff\'s base, the Amadori reaction, followed by the Maillard reaction, which causes abnormal brain glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, malfunctioning mitochondria, plaque deposition, and neuronal death. Amyloid plaque and other stimuli activate macrophages, which are crucial immune cells in AD development, triggering the production of inflammatory molecules and contributing to the disease\'s pathogenesis. The risk of AD is doubled by risk factors for atherosclerosis, dementia, advanced age, and type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM). As individuals age, the prevalence of neurological illnesses such as AD increases due to a decrease in glyoxalase levels and an increase in AGE accumulation. Insulin\'s role in proteostasis influences hallmarks of AD-like tau phosphorylation and amyloid β peptide clearance, affecting lipid metabolism, inflammation, vasoreactivity, and vascular function. The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, a key initiator and activator of a neuroinflammatory response, has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. The TLR4 inhibitor was found to improve memory and learning impairment and decrease Aβ build-up. Therapeutic research into anti-glycation agents, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) inhibitors, and AGE breakers offers hope for intervention strategies. Dietary and lifestyle modifications can also slow AD progression. Newer therapeutic approaches targeting AGE-related pathways are needed.

UNASSIGNED: This study explored the correlative factors of falls among the older adult with cognitive impairment, to provide distinct evidence for preventing falls in the older adult with cognitive impairment compared with the general older adult population.
UNASSIGNED: This study was based on a cross-sectional survey, with an older adult population of 124,124 was included. The data was sourced from the Elderly Care Unified Needs Assessment for Long-Term Care Insurance in Shanghai. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted sequentially on the correlative factors of falls. Multivariable logistic regression was performed on variables that were significant, stratified by cognitive function levels.
UNASSIGNED: The incidence of fall in the past 90 days was 17.67% in this study. Specific variables such as gender (male), advanced age (≥80), residence with a elevator (or lift), mild or moderate disability, quality of sleep (acceptable/poor) were negatively correlated with falls, while higher education level, living alone, residence with indoor steps, unclean and untidy living environment, MCI or dementia, chronic diseases, restricted joints, impaired vision, and the use of diaper were positively correlative factors of falls. Comparing with older adult with normal cognitive functions, older adult with dementia faced a higher risk of falling due to accessibility barrier in the residence. For general older adults, less frequency of going outside and poor social interactions were positively correlated with falls, while for older adult with cognitive impairments, going outside moderately (sometimes) was found positively correlated with falls. Older adults with cognitive impairments have increased fall risks associated with chronic diseases, restricted joints, and the use of diaper. The risk of falling escalated with the greater number of chronic diseases.
UNASSIGNED: For older adult with cognitive impairments, it is advisable to live with others. Additionally, creating an accessible living environment and maintaining the cleanness and tidiness can effectively reduce the risk of falls, particularly for those with MCI or dementia. Optimal outdoor activity plans should be developed separately based on the cognitive function of older adults. Older adult with dementia who have comorbidities should be paid special attention in fall prevention compared to the general older adult population.

The MIND diet is a healthy dietary pattern that has some benefits for many health outcomes. Our study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the MIND diet, identifying leading edges and hotspots to provide a reference for future research. The research on the MIND diet was gathered from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. For bibliometric analysis, VOSviewer 1.6.16 and the WOSCC Online Analysis Platform were utilized. In total, this comprehensive investigation encompassed 171 documents in the field of the MIND diet. The publications are globally distributed, with contributions from 953 authors across 362 institutions in 37 countries/regions, and published in 94 journals. The United States leads with 72 publications, and Iran and the People\'s Republic of China also show notable engagement with 28 and 19 publications, respectively. Rush University stands out with 21 publications, followed by Harvard University and Tehran University of Medical Sciences, demonstrating their substantial contributions to this field. Martha Clare Morris is a key figure with 10 publications, alongside Klodian Dhana and Puja Agarwal, each contributing 9 publications, highlighting their influence in the MIND diet research. The journal \"Nutrients\" is a major publication venue with 20 related articles, followed by \"Frontiers in Nutrition\" and \"Journal of Nutrition Health Aging,\" reflecting their crucial roles in advancing knowledge about the MIND diet. The first high-cited publication was published in Alzheimers & Dementia and conducted by Martha Clare Morris, which focuses on the MIND diet\'s relationship with Alzheimer\'s disease prevention and cognitive decline and emphasizes the diet\'s neuroprotective potential, highlighting how even moderate adherence can substantially reduce Alzheimer\'s risk and slow cognitive decline. In conclusion, this is the first comprehensive bibliometric study that quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the publications in the field of the MIND diet. The MIND diet may be a promising dietary pattern for dementia. However, the current evidence is restricted and highlights the urgency and necessity of further research to investigate the efficacy of this diet for cognitive function. In addition, the MIND diet may have some benefits for other health outcomes, including CVDs, cancer, and diabetes. The number of studies in the field of the MIND diet is limited. More studies are needed, and will give us more knowledge about the MIND diet to improve human health, especially for dementia.