A novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor was developed incorporating a specifically designed RNA aptamer for the detection of theophylline (TP). This involved utilizing two nucleotide base aptamers with tailored sequences designed to target TP. The 3\' end of a single-stranded RNA sequence (5\'-GGAUACCA-(CH2)6-SH-3\') and the 5\' end of a complementary stranded RNA sequence (5\'-HS-(CH2)6-CCUUGGAAGCC-3\') were linked to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and CdS quantum dots (QDs), respectively. These two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) formed a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) capable of recognizing TP. This major structural change altered the spacing between QDs and NPs, which signaled the presence and concentration of TP. TP was photoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation by the hole of CdS QDs under illumination, then anode photocurrent was generated. Due to the increase in surface impedance and the effect of exciton energy transfer (EET) between QDs and AuNPs, the photocurrent would undergo varying degrees of change. TP was detected by changes in photocurrent. PEC detection of TP was achieved in the range of 0.1 μM-200 μM. The detection limit was 0.033 μM. The method exhibited commendable reproducibility and remarkable selectivity. The biosensor was used to measure TP content in tea, beverages and blood samples, resulting in satisfactory recovery rates.

UNASSIGNED: Theophylline was an orally administered xanthine used for treatment of apnea of prematurity and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in ambulatory follow-up of Low-Birth-Weight infants (LBWI) with oxygen-dependency in the outpatient Kangaroo Mother Care Program (KMCP). Theophylline\'s main metabolic product is caffeine; therefore, it was an alternative due to the frequent lack of ambulatory oral caffeine in low and middle-income countries.
UNASSIGNED: To assess the effectiveness of oral theophylline in decreasing days with oxygen and to describe frequency of adverse related events.
UNASSIGNED: Quasi-experiment before and after withdrawal of theophylline given systematically to LBWI with ambulatory oxygen in two KMCPs.
UNASSIGNED: 729 patients were recruited; period 1: 319 infants when theophylline was given routinely and period 2: 410 infants when theophylline was no longer used. The theophylline cohort had less gestational age, less weight at birth, more days in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, more days of oxygen-dependency at KMCP admission, and more frequencies of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and apneas. After adjusting with propensity score matching, multiple linear regression showed that nutrition was associated with days of oxygen-dependency, but theophylline treatment not. No differences were found in frequencies of readmissions up to 40 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage or neurodevelopmental problems. Participants in period 2 had more tachycardia episodes.
UNASSIGNED: We did not find association between oral theophylline treatment and the reduction of days with ambulatory oxygen. For the current management of oxygen-dependency in LBW infants, the importance of nutrition based on exclusive breast feeding whenever possible, is the challenge.

A 10-year-old spayed female shih tzu dog was brought to the hospital because of recurring syncope that occurred simultaneously with a cough. Physical examination did not reveal an abnormal heart rhythm or abnormal heart sounds. Electrocardiography revealed sinus arrest of 4.7 s with intermittent escape beats during coughing. Additional examinations, including thoracic radiography, clinical pathology, and echocardiography, revealed no abnormalities of concern. Forty-eight-hour Holter monitoring captured 1 syncopal episode following severe coughing, during which the longest sinus arrest lasted 16 s with intermittent escape beats. This observation confirmed our strong suspicion that coughing was the cause of varying degrees of sinus arrest in this dog. Theophylline, codeine, and short-term prednisolone were prescribed to treat the dog\'s cough. The daily episodes of syncope ceased and coughing decreased. Subsequent 48-hour Holter monitoring revealed no abnormal pauses, and the owner did not report syncope. Theophylline and codeine were continued for 5 mo, during which time no syncope occurred. To our knowledge, this case provides the first clear evidence of a correlation between cough-induced sinus arrest and syncope in a veterinary patient, as confirmed by Holter monitoring and electrocardiography. Key clinical message: Cough-induced severe bradycardia and syncope were identified in a shih tzu dog. After the antitussive medication was adjusted, the signs resolved.
Bradycardie sévère et syncope provoquées par la toux chez un chienUne chienne shih tzu stérilisée âgée de 10 ans a été amenée à l’hôpital en raison d’une syncope récurrente survenue simultanément avec une toux. L’examen physique n’a révélé aucun rythme cardiaque anormal ni bruits cardiaques anormaux. L’électrocardiographie a révélé un arrêt sinusal de 4,7 s avec des battements d’échappements intermittents lors de la toux. Des examens complémentaires, notamment une radiographie thoracique, des analyses en pathologie clinique et une échocardiographie, n’ont révélé aucune anomalie préoccupante. Une surveillance Holter de 48 heures a capturé 1 épisode syncopal à la suite d’une toux sévère, au cours duquel l’arrêt sinusal le plus long a duré 16 s avec des battements d’échappements intermittents. Cette observation a confirmé nos fortes suspicions selon lesquelles la toux était la cause de divers degrés d’arrêt sinusal chez ce chien. De la théophylline, de la codéine et de la prednisolone de courte durée ont été prescrites pour traiter la toux du chien. Les épisodes quotidiens de syncope ont cessé et la toux a diminué. Une surveillance Holter ultérieure de 48 heures n’a révélé aucune pause anormale et le propriétaire n’a pas signalé de syncope. La théophylline et la codéine ont été poursuivies pendant 5 mois, période pendant laquelle aucune syncope ne s’est produite. À notre connaissance, ce cas constitue la première preuve claire d’une corrélation entre l’arrêt sinusal induit par la toux et la syncope chez un patient vétérinaire, comme le confirme la surveillance Holter et l’électrocardiographie.Message clinique clé :Une bradycardie et une syncope sévères induites par la toux ont été identifiées chez un chien shih tzu. Après ajustement du traitement antitussif, les signes ont disparu.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Aptamers are short oligonucleotides capable of binding specifically to various targets (i.e., small molecules, proteins, and whole cells) which have been introduced in biosensors such as in the electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensing platform. E-AB sensors are comprised of a redox-reporter-modified aptamer attached to an electrode that undergoes, upon target addition, a binding-induced change in electron transfer rates. To date, E-AB sensors have faced a limitation in the translatability of aptamers into the sensing platform presumably because sequences obtained from Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) are typically long (>80 nucleotides) and that obtaining structural information remains time and resource consuming. In response, we explore the utility of aptamer base truncations and in silico docking to improve their translatability into E-AB sensors. Here, we first apply this to the glucose aptamer, which we characterize in solution using NMR methods to guide design and translate truncated variants in E-AB biosensors. We further investigated the applicability of the truncation and computational approaches to four other aptamer systems (vancomycin, cocaine, methotrexate and theophylline) from which we derived functional E-AB sensors. We foresee that our strategy will increase the success rate of translating aptamers into sensing platforms to afford low-cost measurements of molecules directly in undiluted complex matrices.

A cost-effective, selective, sensitive, and operational TLC-densitometric approach has been adapted for the concurrent assay of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride (HYX), Ephedrine Hydrochloride (EPH), and Theophylline (THP) in their pure powder and pharmaceutical forms. In the innovative TLC-densitometric approach, HYX, EPH, and THP were efficaciously separated and quantified on a 60F254 silica gel stationary phase with chloroform-ammonium acetate buffer (9.5:0.5, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5 using ammonia solution as a mobile liquid system and UV detection at 220 nm. The novel TLC method validation has been performed in line with the international conference for harmonization (ICH) standards and has been effectively used for the estimation of the researched medicines in their pharmaceutical formulations without intervention from excipients. Additionally, parameters affecting the chromatographic analysis have been investigated. The new TLC approach\'s functionality and greenness were appraised using three modern and automated tools, namely the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), the Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE), and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. In short, the greenness characteristics were not achieved as a result of using mandatory, non-ecofriendly solvents such as ammonia and chloroform. On the contrary, the applicability and usefulness of the novel TLC approach were attained via concurrent estimation for the three drugs using simple and straightforward procedures. Moreover, the novel TLC method outperforms previously published HPLC ones in terms of the short run time per sample and moderate pH value for the liquid system. According to the conclusions of comparisons with previously recorded TLC methods, our novel HPTLC method has the highest AGREE score, so it is the greenest HPTLC strategy. Moreover, its functionality and applicability are very appropriate because of the simultaneous assessment of three drugs in one TLC run. Furthermore, no tedious and complicated extraction and evaporation processes are prerequisites.

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is 10.5% among adults in the age range of 20-79 years. The primary marker of T2D is persistent fasting hyperglycemia, resulting from insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Multiple factors can promote the development of T2D, including obesity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In contrast, dietary choices have been shown to prevent the onset of T2D. Oatmeal, lean proteins, fruits, and non-starchy vegetables have all been reported to decrease the likelihood of T2D onset. One of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, coffee, has also demonstrated an impressive ability to reduce T2D risk. Coffee contains a diverse array of bioactive molecules. The antidiabetic effects of coffee-derived polyphenols have been thoroughly described and recently reviewed; however, several non-polyphenolic molecules are less prominent but still elicit potent physiological actions. This review summarizes the effects of select coffee-derived non-polyphenols on various aspects of T2D pathogenesis.

This study reports a pH/magnetic dual-responsive hemicellulose-based nanocomposite hydrogel with nearly 100 % carbohydrate polymer-based and biodegradable polymer compositions for drug delivery. We synthesized pure Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) using a co-precipitation method, then engineering xylan hemicellulose (XH), acrylic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and Fe3O4 to synthesize the pH/magnetic dual-responsive hydrogel (Fe3O4@XH-Gel), through graft polymerization on XH with in-situ doping Fe3O4 MNPs initiated by the ammonium persulfate/tetramethylethylenediamine redox system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), swelling gravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were employed to analyze the hydrogel\'s chemical structures, morphologies, pH-responsive behaviors, and magnetic responsiveness characteristics, mechanical and rheological properties, as well as cytotoxicity and biodegradability. The results indicate that the Fe3O4@XH-Gel exhibited excellent dual responsiveness to pH and magnetism. Furthermore, an emphasis was placed on the in-depth analysis of the pH response mechanism. Finally, we utilized this cutting-edge hydrogel to investigate the controlled-release behavior of two model drugs, Acetylsalicylic acid and Theophylline. The hydrogel demonstrated exceptional controlled release attributes, positioning it as a potential carrier for targeted drug delivery, particularly to the gastrointestinal conditions.

Molecular interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and xanthine (XAT) derivatives were analyzed using singular value decomposition (SVD). XAT derivatives were mixed with equimolar amounts of ibuprofen (IBP) and diclofenac (DCF), and their dissolution behaviors were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The solubility of IBP decreased in mixtures with caffeine (CFN) and theophylline (TPH), whereas that of DCF increased in mixtures with CFN and TPH. No significant differences were observed between the mixtures of theobromine (TBR) or XAT with IBP and DCF. Mixtures with various molar ratios were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to further explore these interactions. The results were subjected to SVD. This analysis provides valuable insights into the differences in interaction strength and predicted interaction sites between XAT derivatives and APIs based on the combinations that form mixtures. The results also showed the impact of the XAT derivatives on the dissolution behavior of IBP and DCF. Although IBP and DCF were found to form intermolecular interactions with CFN and TPH, these effects resulted in a reduction of the solubility of IBP and an increase in the solubility of DCF. The current approach has the potential to predict various interactions that may occur in different combinations, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the impact of health supplements on pharmaceuticals.

Recently, we compared an interplay of the adenosine system and nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of renal function between male normoglycaemic (NG) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (DM). Considering the between-sex functional differences, e.g., in the NO status, we present similar studies performed in female rats. We examined if the theophylline effects (non-selective adenosine antagonist) in NG and DM females with or without active NO synthases differed from the earlier findings. In anaesthetised female Sprague Dawley rats, both NG and DM, untreated or after NO synthesis blockade with L-NAME, theophylline effects, on blood pressure, renal hemodynamics and excretion, and renal tissue NO were investigated. Renal artery blood flow (Transonic probe), cortical, outer-, and inner-medullary flows (laser-Doppler technique), and renal tissue NO signal (selective electrode) were measured. In contrast to males, in female NG and DM rats, theophylline induced renal vasodilation. In NO-deficient females, theophylline induced comparable renal vasodilatation, confirming the vasoconstrictor influence of the renal adenosine. In NG and DM females with intact NO synthesis, adenosine inhibition diminished kidney tissue NO, contrasting with an increase reported in males. Lowered baseline renal excretion in DM females suggested stimulation of renal tubular reabsorption due to the prevalence of antinatriuretic over natriuretic tubular action of adenosine receptors. An opposite inter-receptor balance pattern emerged previously from male studies. The study exposed between-sex functional differences in the interrelation of adenosine and NO in rats with normoglycaemia and streptozotocin diabetes. The findings also suggest that in diabetes mellitus, the abundance of individual receptor types can distinctly differ between females and males.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of three methylxanthines, Caffeine, Theobromine, and Theophylline, as used in cosmetics. All of these ingredients are reported to function as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetic products. The Panel reviewed the data relevant to the safety of these ingredients and concluded that Caffeine, Theobromine, and Theophylline are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment.