UNASSIGNED: For Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, it has not been possible to calculate individual doses from the cytogenetic data and compare them with the physically estimated doses. This is because the cytogenetic studies used solid Giemsa staining which only provides the percent of cells bearing at least one stable-type aberration (most of the unstable-type aberrations had already disappeared), and a gamma-ray dose plus a 10-times neutron dose was used to integrate the data for both cities.
UNASSIGNED: To compare the FISH-derived gamma-ray dose with the DS02R1-derived gamma-ray dose after correcting for a contribution of the neutron dose. It was also an attempt to determine if the frequency of stable-type aberrations had remained unchanged after the exposure.
UNASSIGNED: Stable exchange-type aberration data was obtained using the 2-color FISH method from 1,868 atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The collected frequency was first extended to a genome-equivalent frequency. Then, by using known induction rates of exchange-type aberrations in vitro caused by neutrons and gamma-rays, respectively, and the mean relationship between the neutron and gamma-ray doses in the DS02R1 estimates for the survivors, the gamma-ray effect was estimated from the total yield of translocations.
UNASSIGNED: It was found that over 95% of individual cytogenetic gamma-ray doses fell within the expected range of plus/minus about 1 Gy from the DS02R1 dose and the mean slope for the linear regression was 0.98, which reassures us of the validity of the DS02R1 study.
UNASSIGNED: The present results demonstrate the validity of the individual DS02R1 doses, and that the frequency of stable-type aberrations in blood lymphocytes did not decay over the years, and thus is useful for retrospective dose evaluations of exposures which took place in the distant past.

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In the post-Hiroshima era, atomic cities-designed to survive a nuclear attack-remain in the science fiction realm. Yet Hungarian émigré Paul Laszlo, a successful architect in Southern California suburbia, had a utopian vision for a futuristic, paradoxically luxurious atomic city he called \"Atomville,\" never built but nonetheless seriously proposed. Laszlo was one of the very few architects known to venture into atomic survival on this scale. This article focuses on why the architectural profession for the most part ignored the issues raised by the atomic bomb, and on Laszlo\'s role as an outlier. It also deals with the genesis of Atomville and its place among the many unrealized ideas put forward in the 1940s and 1950s for urban survival, including underground buildings, urban dispersal, linear cities, and cluster cities.

In radiation risk estimation based on the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) cohort studies, one common analysis is Poisson regression on radiation dose and background and effect modifying variables of an aggregate endpoint such as all solid cancer incidence or all non-cancer mortality. As currently performed, these analyses require selection of a surrogate radiation organ dose, (e.g., colon dose), which could conceptually be problematic since the aggregate endpoint comprises events arising from a variety of organs. We use maximum likelihood theory to compare inference from the usual aggregate endpoint analysis to analyses based on joint analysis. These two approaches are also compared in a re-analysis of RERF Life Span Study all cancer mortality. We show that, except for a trivial difference, these two analytic approaches yield identical inference with respect to radiation dose response and background and effect modification when based on a single surrogate organ radiation dose. When repeating the analysis with organ-specific doses, an interesting issue of bias in intercept parameters arises when dose estimates are undefined for one sex when sex-specific outcomes are included in the aggregate endpoint, but a simple correction will avoid this issue. Lastly, while the joint analysis formulation allows use of organ-specific doses, the interpretation of such an analysis for inference regarding an aggregate endpoint can be problematic. To the extent that analysis of radiation risk for an aggregate endpoint is of interest, the joint-analysis formulation with a single surrogate dose is an appropriate analytic approach, whereas joint analysis with organ-specific doses may only be interpretable if endpoints are considered separately for estimating dose response. However, for neither approach is inference about dose response well defined.

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