The field of restorative and prosthetic dentistry focuses on restoring lost tooth structures and replacing missing teeth and lost tissue to restore or improve esthetics and oral health. Many systemic factors such as metabolic, bone, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and endocrine disorders can affect healing procedures, and bone density and impact oral health. Hence patients suffering from systemic disease when treated for prosthodontic rehabilitation can have negative prognostic outcomes. The commonest prosthodontic treatments that can be affected include dental implants, fixed prostheses, and removable prostheses. Understanding and managing these systemic factors play a key role in the success of prosthodontic treatment.

Chronic sialorrhea is a condition characterized by excessive drooling, often associated with neurological and neuromuscular disorders such as Parkinson\'s disease, cerebral palsy, and stroke. Despite its prevalence, it remains underdiagnosed and poorly understood, leading to a lack of comprehensive data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment patterns. This study aimed to help fill these existing gaps by analyzing real-world data using Optum\'s de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database. Patients were required to have a diagnosis indicative of sialorrhea plus evidence of sialorrhea treatment between 1/1/2007 and 5/31/2022. Two cohorts were analyzed: patients with evidence of newly diagnosed sialorrhea and associated treatment, and sialorrhea patients initiating incobotulinumtoxinA. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms, and treatment utilization were described before and after diagnosis and incobotulinumtoxinA initiation. No formal statistical comparisons were performed. Patients were predominantly aged 65 or older, male, and non-Hispanic white. Parkinson\'s disease and cerebral palsy were the most common comorbidities among adults and children, respectively. Treatment patterns suggest that anticholinergics are more commonly used than botulinum toxin therapy. The findings offer valuable information for improving diagnosis and treatment approaches and suggest a need for further research into treatment effectiveness, safety, and disease burden.

Neurological diseases often manifest with psychiatric symptoms, profoundly impacting patients\' well-being and treatment outcomes. This comprehensive review examines the psychiatric manifestations associated with Alzheimer\'s disease, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson\'s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, epilepsy, Huntington\'s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Key psychiatric symptoms include agitation, depression, anxiety, apathy, hallucinations, impulsivity, and aggression across these diseases. In addition, ethical considerations in treating these symptoms are paramount, particularly regarding genetic testing implications, end-of-life discussions, informed consent, and equitable access to innovative treatments. Effective management necessitates interdisciplinary collaboration, personalized interventions, and a focus on patient autonomy. Understanding the psychiatric burden of neurological diseases is crucial for enhancing patients\' quality of life. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions. This review underscores the importance of comprehensive assessment and ethical treatment practices to address psychiatric manifestations effectively.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the change in serial muscle ultrasound of rectus femoris of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) performed within 2 months after SCI during acute rehabilitation, and the relationship with functional outcomes at 1 year post-injury.
UNASSIGNED: Prospective observational study.
UNASSIGNED: Inpatient multi-speciality tertiary rehabilitation center in Singapore.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-four patients with incomplete SCI, defined as American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale B-D, with SCI above L2, were recruited from March 2020 to June 2021. Serial muscle ultrasound of the rectus femoris thickness and echo intensity were obtained at 1 week post-injury and after 2 months via standardized protocols.
UNASSIGNED: Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor score, Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS), Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM III) indoor mobility component and Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) were assessed in the first week post-admission and at 1 year.
UNASSIGNED: There was a significant positive correlation between change in rectus femoris muscle thickness over 2 months and FIM motor score (P < 0.001), LEMS (P < 0.001), SCIM III indoor mobility component (P < 0.001) and WISCI II (P < 0.001) at 1 year. For the change in echo intensity over 2 months, there was a significantly negative correlation with FIM motor score (P = 0.002), LEMS (P = 0.002), SCIM III indoor mobility component (P = 0.001) and WISCI II (P = 0.001) at 1 year.
UNASSIGNED: The findings suggest that ultrasonographic serial assessment of rectus femoris muscle thickness and echo intensity during rehabilitation may be useful for determining the long-term functional outcomes in patients with incomplete SCI.

UNASSIGNED: Microglia, brain resident macrophages, play multiple roles in maintaining homeostasis, including immunity, surveillance, and protecting the central nervous system through their distinct activation processes. Identifying all types of microglia-driven populations is crucial due to the presence of various phenotypes that differ based on developmental stages or activation states. During embryonic development, the E8.5 yolk sac contains erythromyeloid progenitors that go through different growth phases, eventually resulting in the formation of microglia. In addition, microglia are present in neurological diseases as a diverse population. So far, no individual biomarker for microglia has been discovered that can accurately identify and monitor their development and attributes.
UNASSIGNED: Here, we highlight the newly defined biomarker of mouse microglia, UGT1A7C, which exhibits superior stability in expression during microglia development and activation compared to other known microglia biomarkers. The UGT1A7C sensing chemical probe labels all microglia in the 3xTG AD mouse model. The expression of Ugt1a7c is stable during development, with only a 4-fold variation, while other microglia biomarkers, such as Csf1r and Cx3cr1, exhibit at least a 10-fold difference. The UGT1A7C expression remains constant throughout its lifespan. In addition, the expression and activity of UGT1A7C are the same in response to different types of inflammatory activators\' treatment in vitro.
UNASSIGNED: We propose employing UGT1A7C as the representative biomarker for microglia, irrespective of their developmental state, age, or activation status. Using UGT1A7C can reduce the requirement for using multiple biomarkers, enhance the precision of microglia analysis, and even be utilized as a standard for gene/protein expression.

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Brain plasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change its structure and functioning in response to experiences. These changes occur mainly at synaptic connections, and this plasticity is named synaptic plasticity. During postnatal development, environmental influences trigger changes in synaptic plasticity that will play a crucial role in the formation and refinement of brain circuits and their functions in adulthood. One of the greatest challenges of present neuroscience is to try to explain how synaptic connections change and cortical maps are formed and modified to generate the most suitable adaptive behavior after different external stimuli. Adenosine is emerging as a key player in these plastic changes at different brain areas. Here, we review the current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the induction and duration of synaptic plasticity at different postnatal brain development stages in which adenosine, probably released by astrocytes, directly participates in the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity and in the control of the duration of plasticity windows at different cortical synapses. In addition, we comment on the role of the different adenosine receptors in brain diseases and on the potential therapeutic effects of acting via adenosine receptors.

Children with neurologic disorders face increased risks for mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions, with information often limited to parent report. To better understand mental health and neurodevelopmental needs in this population, a retrospective chart review of a convenience sample of children with neurologic disorders referred for a neuropsychological evaluation was conducted in the present study to explore interrater agreement between care team members (referring providers, parents, pediatric neuropsychologist). Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the evaluation reports of 129 youth (9:0-17:11 years old; 51.2% of female sex) with neurologic disorders (i.e., 38.0% traumatic brain injury, 27.1% epilepsy, 14.7% premature birth, 7.8% pediatric cancer, 3.9% prenatal substance exposure, and 14.7% other) who completed an evaluation in 2019. Over half the youth were flagged for unmet neurodevelopmental and mental health concerns and analyses revealed low interrater agreement for mental health concerns (κ = .324), better agreement for neurodevelopmental concerns (κ = .511), and low sensitivity of referring providers (Se = .326) and parents (Se = .366). One-way analyses of variance uncovered important factors (e.g., symptom severity, adaptive skills) that may account for missed concerns. Findings guide recommendations to strengthen methods for understanding mental health and/or neurodevelopmental concerns in children with neurologic disorders.

This case report explores the clinical presentation and genetic findings of a 44-year-old male with a history of pediatric epilepsy. The patient\'s daughter, recently diagnosed with autism, underwent genetic testing, revealing a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in the type IV collagen alpha 1 (COL4A1) gene. The male patient reported a spectrum of neurological symptoms, including chronic migraines, exertional weakness, and sensory disturbances. Detailed neurological examination findings were within normal limits, but a brain MRI unveiled confluent deep white matter T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal abnormalities with basal ganglia involvement. Genetic testing identified a novel COL4A1 gene variant, c.3698G>A (p.Gly1233Glu), in the patient, which was also carried by his daughter. The nature and clinical implications of this VUS in the context of the family\'s clinical history are discussed in this case report, emphasizing the potential significance of this genetic variant in understanding the etiology of the patient\'s neurologic symptoms. Further research and correlation with clinical findings are needed to elucidate whether this is a pathogenic variant.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders that is characterized by recurrent seizures, and depending on the type of seizure, it could lead to a severe outcome. Epilepsy\'s mechanism of development is not fully understood yet, but some of the common features of the disease are blood-brain barrier disruption, microglia activation, and neuroinflammation. Those are also targets of activated protein C (APC). In fact, by downregulating thrombin, known as a pro-inflammatory, APC acts as an anti-inflammatory. APC is also an anti-apoptotic protein, instance by blocking p53-mediated apoptosis. APC\'s neuroprotective effect could prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction by acting on endothelial cells. Furthermore, through the downregulation of proapoptotic, and proinflammatory genes, APC\'s neuroprotection could reduce the effect or prevent epilepsy pathogenesis. APC\'s activity acts on blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and apoptosis and causes neurogenesis, all hallmarks that could potentially treat or prevent epilepsy. Here we review both Activated Protein C and epilepsy mechanism, function, and the possible association between them.