Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is globally pandemic which badly affect the economics of livestock based countries like Pakistan. There are different types of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) among these types O is most prevalent in Pakistan. Recently Pakistan is producing approximately fifteen million doses of non-purified FMD vaccine against the demand of 160 million doses annually. More over the Pakistan is still striving for the development and optimization of concentration as well as purification of FMDV. The present project was designed to develop the technology for the purification of FMDV indigenously. The locally isolated and adapted FMDV type O virus was propagated on adherent culture of BHK-21cells to get final volume of virus one liter. This virus suspension was concentrated by peggylation as well as ultra-filtration method. The purification and quantification of concentrated virus was done by size exclusion chromatography. The results showed that peggylation is better method of concentration up to 603.75 µg/ml with 82.80 % recovery rate than ultra-filtration with 43.90 % followed by chromatography for purification. The PD50 was calculated in bovines at 24, 12, 6, 3 and 1.5 µg of FMDV Ag/dose and it revealed that antigen load of 1.98 µg is the dose, where the 50 % of inoculated animals showed the protective antibody level based upon percent inhibition through antibody detecting ELISA. According to the British pharmacopeia, the vaccine should contain 3PD50 which found equivalent to our findings about 6 µg/dose. The group of animal injected with 6/dose (3.23PD50) showed protective titer up to 20th week post priming.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of immune responses that operate at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, and defects in DC functions contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders. For instance, cancer evolves in the context of limited DC activity, and some autoimmune diseases are initiated by DC-dependent antigen presentation. Thus, correcting aberrant DC functions stands out as a promising therapeutic paradigm for a variety of diseases, as demonstrated by an abundant preclinical and clinical literature accumulating over the past two decades. However, the therapeutic potential of DC-targeting approaches remains to be fully exploited in the clinic. Here, we discuss the unique features of DCs that underlie the high therapeutic potential of DC-targeting strategies and critically analyze the obstacles that have prevented the full realization of this promising paradigm.