UNASSIGNED: Although descriptive studies have found an association between thyroid dysfunction (TD) and alopecia areata (AA), however, the causal relationship between TD and AA remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between the two and the specific directions.
UNASSIGNED: We performed large-scale, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to examine whether there was an association between TD (such as Graves\' disease (GD), Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis (HT), thyroid cancer (TC), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), etc.) and AA. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for TD and AA were from the IEU OpenGwas project. The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis method to evaluate the causality between TD and AA, supplemented by the weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode and weighted mode. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the reliability of the study results.
UNASSIGNED: Our study found that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HT (IVW OR = 1.396, 95% CI 1.030-1.892, P=0.031) and hypothyroidism (IVW OR = 1.431, 95% CI 1.138-1.799, P=0.002) significantly increased the risk of AA. Reverse MR analysis indicated that genetic susceptibility to AA (β=-0.029, 95%CI=-0.051 to -0.007, P=0.009) may be a risk for TRH. Positive MR analysis observed no statistically significant causal relationship between other TD and AA (IVW P>0.05). Reverse MR analysis also showed no statistically significant association between AA and other TD (IVW P>0.05) other than TRH. Furthermore, additional sensitivity analyses were performed, including a leave-one-out test, a heterogeneity test, and a pleiotropy test to assess the robustness of the results.
UNASSIGNED: This study provides a very comprehensive analysis of the causal relationship between TD and AA, providing convincing genetic evidence to support the causal relationship between TD and alopecia areata. It reveals some causes of AA patients, which is of great significance for the management and treatment of AA patients.

Aim and Background. This study aims to explore alternative diagnostic methods to assess thyroid function in patients unable to undergo blood tests for thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) and thyroxine (T4), such as individuals with trypanophobia, severe medical conditions, or coagulopathy. Considering the impact of thyroid dysfunction on mitochondrial metabolism and the essential role of proper mitochondrial function in ciliary motility, we postulate that assessing nasal ciliary function could serve as a surrogate diagnostic approach for thyroid dysfunction. Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed on individuals with no history of thyroid diseases. The primary endpoint was the diagnostic value of the nasal mucociliary (NMC) test using Iranica Picris (Asteraceae) aqueous extract in differentiating hypo- or hyperthyroidism cases from euthyroid cases. Results. 232 individuals were recruited (71% females, 86% euthyroid). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed a good diagnostic value for the NMC test in differentiating overt hypothyroidism (area under the ROC curve [AUROC] = 0.82, p = 0.004) and its fair value in diagnosing subclinical hyperthyroidism (AUROC = 0.78, p = 0.01) from the euthyroid condition. The NMC test had a significant positive correlation with TSH (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation with T4 (r = -0.32, p < 0.001). The NMC rate was significantly different in distinct thyroid function groups (p < 0.001). Compared with euthyroid cases, the post-hoc analysis showed that the NMC test is significantly higher in overt hypothyroidism (15.06 vs. 21.07 min, p = 0.003) and significantly lower in subclinical hyperthyroidism (15.05 vs. 10.9 min, p = 0.02). Conclusions. The Iranica Picris-based NMC test might serve as a diagnostic method to distinguish overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid cancer usually begins with thyroid dysfunction and nodules and has become the most common cancer globally, especially in women. Although the causes of thyroid dysfunction are complex, the presence of environmental pollutants, especially certain pesticides as established mutagens, has been widely accepted. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have similar toxic reactions and signal transduction pathways to humans and are very similar to humans in physiology, development, and metabolic function. Here, the direct toxicity effects and mechanisms of different insecticides and herbicides on zebrafish thyroid functions and indirect toxicity effects originating from thyroid dysfunction were summarized and compared. The overall toxicity of insecticides on the zebrafish thyroid was greater than that of herbicides based on effective concentrations. Penpropathrin and atrazine were more typical thyroid disruptors than other pesticides. Meanwhile, chiral pesticides showed more sophisticated single/combined toxicity effects on both parental and offspring zebrafish. Besides thyroid hormone levels and HPT axis-related gene expression alteration, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative damage effects were all observed. These data are necessary for understanding the thyroid interference effect of pesticides on humans and for screening for thyroid disruptors in surface water with zebrafish models for the pre-assessment of human health risks and ecological risk control in the future.

Nano-TiO2 is widely used in various fields such as industry, daily necessities, food and medicine. Previous studies have shown that it can enter mammalian tissues through the digestive tract or respiratory tract and have effects on various organs and systems. However, the effect of nano-TiO2 on the mammalian thyroid gland has not been reported. In this study, we fed SD rats with rutile nano-TiO2 at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 3 weeks, and then examined the thyroid histology and thyroid function of the rats. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nano-TiO2 on the viability, apoptosis, inflammatory factors, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress of human thyroid follicular epithelial cells. Histological evidence showed abnormal morphology of rat thyroid follicles and organelle damage in follicular epithelial cells. Nano-TiO2 caused a decrease in the level of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), an increase in the level of apoptotic protein cleaved-caspase 3, and an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in rat thyroid tissue. Nano-TiO2 also resulted in increased serum FT4 and TPO-Ab levels. In in vitro experiments, nano-TiO2 reduced the viability of human thyroid follicular cells, downregulated the levels and activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT, GPX1 and SOD, and increased the levels of ROS and MDA caused by oxidative stress. These results indicate that nano-TiO2 damages the structure and function of thyroid follicular epithelial cells through oxidative stress. Long-term exposure to nano-TiO2 could be a potential risk factor for thyroid dysfunction.

The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is increasing, often leading to unfavorable alterations in lipid profiles. Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and examine its effects on serum lipid profiles among Jordanians. A total of 228 subjects were recruited and divided into two groups: patients with thyroid dysfunction (n=178, mean age=52.6±9.8 years) and a control group (n=50, mean age=51.7±9.2 years). Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine 4, free triiodothyronine 3, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Results showed that thyroid dysfunction was diagnosed in 75% of participants, with an increased frequency among females. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was 17.4%, subclinical hypothyroidism was 43.8%, overt hyperthyroidism was 18.4% and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 20.4%. There was a significant association between hypothyroidism and elevated TC (>200 mg/dl), LDL (>130 mg/dl) and TG (>200 mg/dl; P<0.05). Among the hypothyroid patients, 48.4% had hypercholesterolemia and 32.3% had hypertriglyceridemia. In conclusion, public screening and education are necessary to combat thyroid dysfunction. There is a notable link between thyroid dysfunction and lipid abnormalities, necessitating regular monitoring for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease in affected patients.

UNASSIGNED: SARS-CoV-2 can invade the thyroid gland. This study was to delineate the risk of thyroid dysfunction amidst the prevalence of the Omicron variant, and to investigate the correlation between thyroid function and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. The study also aimed to ascertain whether thyroid dysfunction persisted during COVID-19 recovery phase.
UNASSIGNED: This was a retrospective cohort study. COVID-19 patients from the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China during the epidemic of Omicron variants were included, and their thyroid function were analyzed in groups.
UNASSIGNED: A history of thyroid disease was not associated with COVID-19 outcomes. COVID-19 can lead to a bimodal distribution of thyroid dysfunction. The severity of COVID-19 was inversely proportional to the levels of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), leading to a higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Severe COVID-19 was a risk factor for euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) (OR=22.5, 95% CI, 12.1 - 45.6). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio mediated the association between severe COVID-19 and ESS (mediation effect ratio = 41.3%, p < 0.001). ESS and decreased indicators of thyroid function were associated with COVID-19 mortality, while high levels of FT3 and FT4 exhibited a protective effect against death. This effect was more significant in women (p < 0.05). During the recovery period, hyperthyroidism was quite uncommon, while a small percentage of individuals (7.7%) continued to exhibit hypothyroidism.
UNASSIGNED: COVID-19 severity was linked to thyroid dysfunction. Severe COVID-19 increased the risk of ESS, which was associated with COVID-19 mortality. Post-recovery, hyperthyroidism was rare, but some individuals continued to have hypothyroidism.

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BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and type of menstrual disorders in thyroid dysfunction. The relationship between thyroid dysfunction and menstrual disorders has been known for a long time. The menstrual cycle should be checked in women with thyroid dysfunction. On the contrary, women with menstrual irregularities should be investigated for thyroid dysfunction.
METHODS: Women who presented to our hospital\'s internal medicine and endocrinology clinics that recently diagnosed thyroid dysfunction were included. The patients were divided into five groups (subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, and euthyroid) according to thyroid functions. They were questioned regarding the amount, frequency, and duration of menstrual bleeding. The prevalence of menstrual disturbances, including secondary amenorrhea, hypomenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, polymenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and menometrorrhagia, was examined in 485 patients and 108 healthy controls.
RESULTS: Hypermenorrhea was significantly more common in patients with overt hypothyroidism (33%) than in controls (6%) (p<0.05). The types and frequencies of menstrual disorders in patients with hyperthyroidism and those with normal thyroid function were not significantly different from those in controls.
CONCLUSIONS: Menstrual abnormalities frequently occur in women with thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, menstrual dysfunction should be considered when treating patients with thyroid abnormalities.

UNASSIGNED: Pregnancy serves as a physiological stress test for the thyroid which often leads to dysfunction in women with limited thyroid reserves. The occurrence of gestational thyroid dysfunction is linked to unfavourable obstetric and foetal outcomes. Globally, iodine deficiency is a prominent causative factor for thyroid dysfunction. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women in Enugu, South-east Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: This hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional and observational study was conducted over six months on selected participants from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the study sites. Maternal clinical and demographic risk factors for thyroid dysfunction were evaluated in a cohort of 318 pregnant women. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare participants\' thyroid status across different trimesters of pregnancy, and different thyroid and nutritional iodine states.
UNASSIGNED: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the study population is 6.6%. Hypothyroidism was detected in 5.3% of the participants, consisting of 3.8% sub-clinical hypothyroidism and 1.6% overt hypothyroidism. Sub-clinical hyperthyroidism accounted for 1.3% of all participants; no overt hyperthyroidism was detected in this study.
UNASSIGNED: There is a relatively high prevalence of gestational thyroid dysfunction in the study population with hypothyroidism being the predominant disorder. This highlights the need for region-specific considerations in antenatal care to facilitate early detection and effective management of gestational thyroid dysfunction, thereby mitigating potential adverse maternal and foetal outcomes.

UNASSIGNED: Thyroid dysfunction is associated with the risk of benign and malignant breast tumors, but currently there is a lack of model studies to demonstrate the predictive role of thyroid dysfunction in benign and malignant breast tumors. This study aims to establish a model for predicting the association between thyroid dysfunction and breast cancer.
UNASSIGNED: This retrospective study enrolled breast tumor patients from the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 2015 to 2019. Their baseline data and laboratory data were collected. Python was used for data processing and analysis. Data preparation, feature selection, model construction, and model evaluation were conducted. We utilized the classification probabilities generated by the model as scores and further conducted a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Analysis of the laboratory data revealed statistically significant differences in thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, and thyronine levels between patients with benign and malignant tumors. Based on age, ethnicity, thyroid function, and estrogen levels, the predictive model for breast tumor malignancy indicated that the factors with the greatest importance ranking were age > follicle-stimulating hormone > luteinizing hormone > prolactin > thyroxine > testosterone > ethnicity. The model showed an accuracy rate of 83.70%, precision of 90.69%, sensitivity of 84.74%, and specificity of 81.50%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9012, close to 1, indicating good predictive performance of the model.
UNASSIGNED: The predictive model based on factors such as age, ethnicity, thyroid function, and estrogen levels performs well in predicting the occurrence and development of benign and malignant breast tumors.