背景:本文记录了埃塞俄比亚南部Wolaita地区Geshiyaro项目中土壤传播的蠕虫(STH)感染的患病率和强度的变化。
方法:Geshiyaro项目包括三个干预部门。第1臂细分为第1臂试点区(一个区)和第1臂(其他四个区),都接受了社区范围内的大规模药物管理MDA(cMDA)和密集的水,卫生,和卫生(WaSH)干预措施。Arm2涉及18个具有cMDA干预措施的地区,以及现有的政府主导的OneWaSH计划,而Arm3作为控制,以学校为基础的MDA(sMDA)干预措施以及三个地区现有的政府主导的OneWaSH计划。这项研究被设计为随着时间的推移队列调查,建立纵向哨点,每年评估感染水平。在所有三个干预部门中,总共使用了45个纵向寄生虫监测哨点,以监测STH的患病率和感染强度。从45个哨点中的每一个,随机抽取150人,按年龄和性别分层。采用t检验和方差分析(ANOVA)来比较三个研究组随时间的感染患病率和强度。
结果:STH的患病率从34.5%(30.6%,38.5%)2019年为10.6%(8.3%,13.4%)2022/2023年(df=1,P<0.0001),从27.4%(25.2%,29.7%)到2020年的5.5%(4.4%,6.7%)在2023年(df=1,P<0.0001)在第1组中,从23%(21.3%,24.8%)到2020年的4.5%(3.7%,5.3%)在2023年(df=1,P<0.001)在第2组中,从49.6%(47.4%,在第3组中,2021年为51.7%),2023年为26.1%(df=1,P<0.0001)。在使用cMDA的组中,任何STH患病率的相对降低是最高的,即第2组,下降82.5%(79.3%,84.2%),其次是第1组,减少了80.1%(75.3%,84.6%),然后是Arm1飞行员,减少了69.4%(60.1%。76.6%)。使用sMDA的第3臂下降最低,减少46.9%(43.6%,51%)。A虫的平均感染强度(基于Kato-Katz卵数测量),这是研究区域中存在的主要STH物种,在第1和第2组中明显下降,但在第3组中仅略有下降。在所有臂中,钩虫和Trichuris感染的患病率都非常低,但也显着下降。
结论:第1和第2组STH的患病率和强度的降低表明,基于cMDA干预,传播中断的稳步进展,但基于定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)诊断方法,需要在MDA覆盖率和WaSH干预方面做出额外努力,以达到<2%的患病率阈值.
BACKGROUND: This paper documents changes in the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Geshiyaro project in the Wolaita zone of Southern Ethiopia.
METHODS: The Geshiyaro project comprises three intervention arms. Arm 1 is subdivided into the Arm 1 pilot (one district) and Arm 1 (four other districts), both receiving integrated community-wide mass drug administration MDA (cMDA) with intensive water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) interventions. Arm 2 involves 18 districts with cMDA interventions plus the existing government-led One WaSH program, while Arm 3 serves as a control with school-based MDA (sMDA) interventions plus the existing government-led One WaSH program in three districts. The study is designed as a cohort investigation over time, with the establishment of longitudinal sentinel sites where infection levels are assessed annually. A total of 45 longitudinal parasitological surveillance sentinel sites are being used across all three intervention arms to monitor STH prevalence and intensity of infection. From each of the 45 sentinel sites, 150 individuals were randomly selected, stratified by age and gender. The t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to compare infection prevalence and intensity across the three study arms over time.
RESULTS: The prevalence of STH decreased significantly from 34.5% (30.6%, 38.5%) in 2019 to 10.6% (8.3%, 13.4%) in 2022/2023 (df = 1, P < 0.0001) in the Arm 1 pilot, from 27.4% (25.2%, 29.7%) in 2020 to 5.5% (4.4%, 6.7%) in 2023 (df = 1, P < 0.0001) in Arm 1, from 23% (21.3%, 24.8%) in 2020 to 4.5% (3.7%, 5.3%) in 2023 (df = 1, P < 0.001) in Arm 2, and from 49.6% (47.4%, 51.7%) in 2021 to 26.1% in 2023 (df = 1, P < 0.0001) in Arm 3. The relative reduction in the prevalence of any STH was the highest in the arms employing cMDA, namely Arm 2, with a decrease of 82.5% (79.3%, 84.2%), followed by Arm 1 with a reduction of 80.1% (75.3%, 84.6%), and then the Arm 1 pilot with a decrease of 69.4% (60.1%. 76.6%). Arm 3 employing sMDA had the lowest decrease, with a reduction of 46.9% (43.6%, 51%). The mean intensity of infection (based on Kato-Katz egg count measures) for Ascaris lumbricoides species, which was the dominant STH species present in the study area, decreased significantly in Arms 1 and 2, but only slightly in Arm 3. The prevalence of hookworm and Trichuris trichiura infections were found to be very low in all arms but also decreased significantly.
CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in the prevalence and intensity of STH in Arms 1 and 2 revealed steady progress towards transmission interruption based on cMDA intervention, but additional efforts with MDA coverage and WaSH interventions are needed to achieve a prevalence threshold < 2% based on the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) diagnostic method.