■这项研究考察了荷兰西班牙语和Papiamento传统使用者在代码转换结构中的形容词-名词顺序。鉴于荷兰语与西班牙语和Papiamento在形容词的默认位置上有所不同,标称域中的字序在代码切换中创建所谓的“冲突站点”。大多数关于语序模式的描述都集中在结构约束上,例如矩阵语言或Agr中EPP功能的强度。到目前为止,比较这两种模型的研究都没有找到令人信服的证据。
■本研究采用了更全面的方法,并考虑了几种语言(矩阵语言,形容词语言,和插入类型)以及额外的语言变量(例如,年龄,发病年龄,以及曝光和使用模式)。此外,我们比较了两种语言相似的传统语言的传统使用者(西班牙语和Papiamento都表现出后名形容词),共享相同的主流社会语言,但在某些社会语言属性方面可能彼此不同。荷兰的21名西班牙语和15名Papiamento遗产演讲者(7-54岁)执行了主任-匹配者任务,旨在引出包含开关的标称结构。
■结果表明,无论是ML还是形容词的语言,或者两者兼而有之,是词序的重要预测因子,尽管数据无法解开这两个因素。此外,发现插入类型起作用:名词插入的词序模式与其他类型的插入不同。此外,两组的行为方式并不相同:在将荷兰语名词插入其传统语言时,Papiamento使用者对名词形容词顺序的偏爱比西班牙语使用者更为明确。最后,有很大的个体差异,这似乎主要与参与者的年龄有关:儿童和青少年参与者的行为与成年人不同。
■这些发现表明,语言和语言外都在确定传统说话者如何处理名义领域的冲突地点方面发挥作用。特别是,研究结果表明,至少对于某些社区和某些代码切换模式,孩子们可能需要更多的时间,或更多输入,也收敛于类似成人的代码转换规范。
UNASSIGNED: This study examines adjective-noun order in code-switched constructions by heritage speakers of Spanish and Papiamento in the Netherlands. Given that
Dutch differs from Spanish and Papiamento regarding the default position of the adjective, word order in the nominal domain creates a so-called \"conflict site\" in code-switching. Most accounts of word order patterns in code-switching focus on structural constraints, such as the matrix language or the strength of the EPP feature in Agr. Thus far, studies comparing the two models have not found compelling evidence for either of them.
UNASSIGNED: The present study takes a more comprehensive approach and considers several linguistic (matrix language, adjective language, and type of insertion) as well as extra-linguistic variables (e.g., age, age of onset, and patterns of exposure and use). Moreover, we compare heritage speakers of two different heritage languages that are linguistically similar (both Spanish and Papiamento exhibit postnominal adjectives), and share the same dominant societal language, but are likely to differ from each other in terms of certain sociolinguistic properties. 21 Spanish and 15 Papiamento heritage speakers (aged 7-54) in the Netherlands carried out a Director-Matcher task, aimed at eliciting nominal constructions containing switches.
UNASSIGNED: The results show that either the ML or the language of the adjective, or both, are important predictors for word order, although the data cannot disentangle these two factors. Moreover, the type of insertion was found to play a role: word order patterns for noun insertions differed from other types of insertions. In addition, the two groups did not behave similarly: Papiamento speakers were more categorical in their preference for noun-adjective order when inserting
Dutch nouns into their heritage language than the Spanish speakers were. Finally, there was a great deal of individual variation, which seemed to be related mostly to the age of the participants: children and teen participants behaved differently from adults.
UNASSIGNED: These findings demonstrate that both linguistic and extra-linguistic play a role in determining how heritage speakers deal with conflict sites in the nominal domain. Particularly, the findings suggest that, at least for some communities and in some code-switching modes, children may need more time, or more input, too converge on adult-like code-switching norms.