眼部药物递送的最新进展导致了一系列基于纳米技术的系统的引入,如聚合物纳米颗粒,固体脂质纳米粒,纳米结构脂质载体,无机纳米粒子,Niosomes,脂质体,纳米悬浮液,树枝状聚合物,纳米乳液,和微乳液。这些系统增强了药物保留,穿透力,生物利用度,和有针对性的交付,有希望的延长药物释放,提高了患者的依从性。然而,它们与生物系统的相互作用会带来潜在的毒性风险,需要仔细评估纳米粒子的大小,形状,表面电荷,和涂层。传统的眼部给药方法,比如局部应用和注射,由于解剖和生理障碍而面临挑战,导致频繁给药和全身毒性风险。纳米载体通过改善药物渗透和靶向递送提供解决方案,然而,将这些创新从研究转化为临床实践需要克服与制造规模扩大相关的障碍,质量控制,监管批准,和成本效益。质量设计(QbD)框架提供了一种系统的方法来优化纳米载体配方和工艺设计,确保安全性和有效性。通过体内和体外研究评估纳米载体的安全性对于其临床应用至关重要。这篇综述探讨了各种纳米药物在眼部药物递送中的应用,突出眼部药物输送的现状,并考虑关键方面,如扩大规模和临床应用。
Recent advancements in ocular drug delivery have led to the introduction of a range of nanotechnology-based systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, inorganic nanoparticles, niosomes, liposomes, nanosuspensions, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and microemulsions. These systems enhance drug retention, penetration, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, promising prolonged drug release, and improved patient compliance. However, their interactions with biological systems pose potential toxicity risks, necessitating a careful evaluation of nanoparticle size, shape, surface charge, and coating. Traditional ocular drug delivery methods, like topical applications and injections, face challenges due to anatomical and physiological barriers, leading to frequent dosing and systemic toxicity risks. Nanocarriers offer solutions by improving drug permeation and targeted delivery, yet translating these innovations from research to clinical practice involves overcoming hurdles related to manufacturing scale-up, quality control, regulatory approval, and cost-effectiveness. The quality by design (QbD) framework provides a systematic approach to optimize nanocarrier formulation and process design, ensuring safety and efficacy. Assessing the safety of nanocarriers through in vivo and in vitro studies is crucial for their clinical application. This review explores the use of various nanomedicines in ocular drug delivery, highlighting the current state of ocular medication delivery and considering critical aspects such as scaling up and clinical applications.