许多主食来自硬粒小麦及其制粉产品;正因为如此,了解它们的特点是非常重要的。这项研究调查了这些产品中的元素含量以及有机农业是否存在差异。整个种子和碾磨产品中28种元素的浓度,也就是说,麸皮,粗面粉和面粉,硬粒小麦,通过ICP-OES测定。小麦在常规或有机农艺实践下种植,以验证区分的可能性,使用元素含量,来自一个或另一个实践的产品之间。这些元素在种子的外层更丰富,麸皮,但他们中的大多数也出现在其他人中。痕量Sb仅存在于3%的样品中,而在大约一半的种子和麸皮样品中检测到痕量Tl,但在其他样品中未检测到。缺乏元素是特定产品的更多特征,例如,大多数粗面粉和面粉缺乏Co,虽然其他元素显示有机和常规栽培产品之间或不同碾磨产品之间的差异很小,情况就是这样,例如,对于Ag的痕迹,B,和V。这些元素的浓度与多元判别分析相结合,特别是PLS-DA,以确定碾磨产品的种植来源。一些元素,虽然每个产品都不同,足以达到接近1的分类精度和准确度;不同产品存在微小差异。最糟糕的是面粉,其中预测的精度和准确度为0.92,尽管仅使用三个元素:B,K,还有Se。当还添加到前面的三个元素时,Semolina获得了完美的预测,Ag,Cd,和Cu。麸皮需要更多的元素,Fe和Mg代替K和Ag进行种子分类。总之,五个要素,B,Cd,Cu,K,Se,在区分有机农业和传统农业方面最重要;这些元素也允许产品之间的一些差异。该方法可以帮助预防欺诈。
Many staple foods originate from durum wheat and its milling products; because of this, it is very important to know their characteristics. This study investigates elemental contents in these products and if differences exist because of organic farming. The concentrations of 28 elements in the whole seed and in milling products, that is, bran, semolina and flour, of durum wheat, were determined through ICP-OES. The wheats were grown under conventional or organic agronomic practices to verify the possibility of discriminating, using the elemental content, between products coming from one or the other practice. The elements were more abundant in the outer layer of the seed, the bran, but most of them were also present in the others. Traces of Sb were present only in 3% of the samples, while traces of Tl were detected in approximately half of the seed and bran samples but not in other samples. The absence of an element was more characteristic of specific products, e.g., most semolina and flour lacked Co, while other elements showed small differences between products from organic and conventional cultivation or between different milling products, which was the case, for example, for traces of Ag, B, and V. The concentrations of these elements were coupled with multivariate discriminant analysis, specifically PLS-DA, to identify the cultivation provenance of the milled products. A few elements, although different for each product, are sufficient to attain precision and accuracy of classification close to 1; small differences exist for different products. The worst is flour, where the predicted precision and accuracy are 0.92, although using only three elements: B, K, and Se. Semolina attains perfect prediction when also adding to the three previous elements, Ag, Cd, and Cu. Further elements are necessary for bran, while Fe and Mg replace K and Ag to classify seeds. In conclusion, five elements, B, Cd, Cu, K, and Se, are the most important in distinguishing between organic and conventional agriculture; these elements also permit some differentiation among products. The method could help in fraud prevention.