Resonance

共振
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    虽然认知学派认为大脑类似于计算机,对内部表示执行逻辑运算,生态心理学的传统认为,生物体可以直接“共振”的行动和感知信息,而不需要一个代表性的中介。共振概念在生态心理学中发挥了重要作用,但它仍然是一个隐喻。提供共振的机械说明需要中枢神经系统(CNS)动力学的非代表性说明。为此,我们提出了一系列简单的模型,其中具有稳态节点的储层网络用于控制嵌入环境中的简单代理。这个网络自发地产生在每个上下文中适应的行为,包括(1)视觉跟踪运动对象,(2)在街机游戏Pong中表现明显高于机会,(2)在控制移动代理时避免墙壁。在分析了网络的动态后,我们发现,行为稳定性可以维持,而不会形成稳定或重复的网络活动模式,这些模式可以被识别为神经表征。这些结果可能代表了朝着共振的机械基础迈出的有用步骤,以及与生态心理学兼容的CNS观点。
    While the cognitivist school of thought holds that the mind is analogous to a computer, performing logical operations over internal representations, the tradition of ecological psychology contends that organisms can directly \"resonate\" to information for action and perception without the need for a representational intermediary. The concept of resonance has played an important role in ecological psychology, but it remains a metaphor. Supplying a mechanistic account of resonance requires a non-representational account of central nervous system (CNS) dynamics. Towards this, we present a series of simple models in which a reservoir network with homeostatic nodes is used to control a simple agent embedded in an environment. This network spontaneously produces behaviors that are adaptive in each context, including (1) visually tracking a moving object, (2) substantially above-chance performance in the arcade game Pong, (2) and avoiding walls while controlling a mobile agent. Upon analyzing the dynamics of the networks, we find that behavioral stability can be maintained without the formation of stable or recurring patterns of network activity that could be identified as neural representations. These results may represent a useful step towards a mechanistic grounding of resonance and a view of the CNS that is compatible with ecological psychology.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    REM睡眠的最初概念化为矛盾睡眠是基于其类似于清醒的EEG及其与梦的关联。随着时间的推移,悖论的概念被扩展到包括与REM睡眠的各种关联,比如梦想排他性,高召回,和病理生理学。然而,这些关联都不是REM睡眠所独有的;它们也可以发生在其他睡眠状态中。今天,经过五十多年的专注研究,REMS的两个方面显然保留了自相矛盾的排他性。尽管人们一直认为人类REMS的EEG是由唤醒状组成的,低电压,非同步放电,REMS基于5-8Hz的颅内电存在并由其定义。theta,这一直是其他动物REMS的标志。用于在人类多导睡眠图上定义REMS的唤醒状EEG是普遍不存在电生理波形的次要原因,因为颅内θ的强波不会传播到放置在颅骨外的头皮电极。这是一个持续的悖论,即θ频率仅限于周期性的颅内动力学,而该动力学不会超出大脑的衬里。REMS与叙述性较长且显着的梦报告有着持续的联系。然而,这一发现的延伸将REMS等同于做梦,导致了神经科学逻辑中的一个基本错误。尽管有明确的证据表明梦在整个睡眠中以明显不同的生理和现象学形式报道,但主要的理论和临床方法都建立在这种信念之上。很少有研究解决睡眠不同阶段报告的梦之间的差异,以至于今天,REMS梦的最矛盾的方面可能是实际上对状态的研究很少。对睡眠阶段之间梦的差异的评估可以提供有价值的见解,以了解梦与每个阶段发生的潜在大脑活动和生理过程的关系。REMS的脑电波和梦仍然是自相矛盾的独特之处,与清醒和其他睡眠意识状态不同。
    The original conceptualization of REM sleep as paradoxical sleep was based on its EEG resembling wakefulness and its association with dreaming. Over time, the concept of paradox was expanded to include various associations with REM sleep, such as dream exclusivity, high recall, and pathophysiology. However, none of these associations are unique to REM sleep; they can also occur in other sleep states. Today, after more than fifty years of focused research, two aspects of REMS clearly retain paradoxical exclusivity. Despite the persistent contention that the EEG of human REMS consists of wake-like, low-voltage, non-synchronous electrical discharges, REMS is based on and defined by the intracranial electrical presence of 5-8 Hz. theta, which has always been the marker of REMS in other animals. The wake-like EEG used to define REMS on human polysomnography is secondary to a generalized absence of electrophysiological waveforms because the strong waves of intracranial theta do not propagate to scalp electrodes placed outside the skull. It is a persistent paradox that the theta frequency is restricted to a cyclical intracranial dynamic that does not extend beyond the lining of the brain. REMS has a persistent association with narratively long and salient dream reports. However, the extension of this finding to equate REMS with dreaming led to a foundational error in neuroscientific logic. Major theories and clinical approaches were built upon this belief despite clear evidence that dreaming is reported throughout sleep in definingly different physiologic and phenomenological forms. Few studies have addressed the differences between the dreams reported from the different stages of sleep so that today, the most paradoxical aspect of REMS dreaming may be how little the state has actually been studied. An assessment of the differences in dreaming between sleep stages could provide valuable insights into how dreaming relates to the underlying brain activity and physiological processes occurring during each stage. The brain waves and dreams of REMS persist as being paradoxically unique and different from waking and the other states of sleep consciousness.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    当周期性声音在听觉网络中引起反映刺激的声学特性的稳定响应时,就会出现听觉稳态响应(ASSR)。例如声音包络的幅度。对于一些刺激率来说,比其他刺激率大,人体脑电图(EEG)中的ASSR对于40Hz振幅调制的声音尤其最大。为了研究大型ASSR对40Hz调幅(AM)声音的本地电路基础,在20、30、40、50和80HzAM音调出现期间,我们从大鼠的初级听觉皮层(A1)获得了颅骨EEG和局部场电位(LFP)记录。40HzAM音调从听觉皮层上方获得的EEG和从A1中的每个皮层获得的LFP中引起最大的ASSR。EEG到40HzAM音调中的大ASSR不是由于信号的瞬时振幅更大或LFP在皮质层上的相位对准更大。相反,这是由于40Hz响应的潜伏期变异性降低(或时间一致性增强)。统计模型表明,在最浅层或最深的皮质层中,LFP可以最好地预测EEG信号。建议ASSR的深层协调员。总的来说,我们的结果表明,在40Hz时,A1层的非均匀但时间上更一致的响应的招募是较大的ASSR对调幅音调的基础。
    The auditory steady state response (ASSR) arises when periodic sounds evoke stable responses in auditory networks that reflect the acoustic characteristics of the stimuli, such as the amplitude of the sound envelope. Larger for some stimulus rates than others, the ASSR in the human electroencephalogram (EEG) is notably maximal for sounds modulated in amplitude at 40 Hz. To investigate the local circuit underpinnings of the large ASSR to 40 Hz amplitude-modulated (AM) sounds, we acquired skull EEG and local field potential (LFP) recordings from primary auditory cortex (A1) in the rat during the presentation of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 80 Hz AM tones. 40 Hz AM tones elicited the largest ASSR from the EEG acquired above auditory cortex and the LFP acquired from each cortical layer in A1. The large ASSR in the EEG to 40 Hz AM tones was not due to larger instantaneous amplitude of the signals or to greater phase alignment of the LFP across the cortical layers. Instead, it resulted from decreased latency variability (or enhanced temporal consistency) of the 40 Hz response. Statistical models indicate the EEG signal was best predicted by LFPs in either the most superficial or deep cortical layers, suggesting deep layer coordinators of the ASSR. Overall, our results indicate that the recruitment of non-uniform but more temporally consistent responses across A1 layers underlie the larger ASSR to amplitude-modulated tones at 40 Hz.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    通过线性分析已经很好地建立了小幅度波在血管交界处传播的理论。在这项研究中,我们考虑大振幅的传播,非线性波(即冲击和稀薄)通过从父血管到两个(相同的)子血管的连接使用三种方法的组合:使用Godunov方法的数值计算,分析接合点附近的非线性黎曼问题,以及将线性分析扩展到以下幅度的分析理论。出现了统一的图像:父血管入口处的压力突然(规定)增加,沿着父血管产生传播的冲击波,该冲击波与交界处相互作用。对于适度的驾驶,该冲击波沿着两个子血管分成传播的冲击波,并将稀疏波反射回入口。然而,对于更大的驱动,反射的稀疏波变得跨临界,产生额外的冲击波。刚刚超出临界范围,这个新的冲击波的速度为零,钉在路口,但是对于驱动的进一步增加,这种额外的冲击在子血管中分成两个新的传播冲击波。
    The theory of small-amplitude waves propagating across a blood vessel junction has been well established with linear analysis. In this study, we consider the propagation of large-amplitude, nonlinear waves (i.e. shocks and rarefactions) through a junction from a parent vessel into two (identical) daughter vessels using a combination of three approaches: numerical computations using a Godunov method with patching across the junction, analysis of a nonlinear Riemann problem in the neighbourhood of the junction and an analytical theory which extends the linear analysis to the following order in amplitude. A unified picture emerges: an abrupt (prescribed) increase in pressure at the inlet to the parent vessel generates a propagating shock wave along the parent vessel which interacts with the junction. For modest driving, this shock wave divides into propagating shock waves along the two daughter vessels and reflects a rarefaction wave back towards the inlet. However, for larger driving the reflected rarefaction wave becomes transcritical, generating an additional shock wave. Just beyond criticality this new shock wave has zero speed, pinned to the junction, but for further increases in driving this additional shock divides into two new propagating shock waves in the daughter vessels.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    臭氧产生是一种水消毒方法,在更少的副产品和没有残留的味道方面优于氯。然而,它的高生产成本限制了它的广泛采用。本文设计了一种用于水处理的臭氧产生正弦电源。臭氧产生需要高频和高压电源来从氧分子产生臭氧。该研究评估了两种电源拓扑,一个带有并行LC滤波器,另一个带有LCL滤波器,评估其可行性,有效性,和可靠性。理论上,LCL滤波器实现比并行LC滤波器更高的增益。并联LC滤波器中较大的电感会降低增益,而LCL滤波器中较大的电感会增加增益。仿真和实际结果验证了这些发现,获得40的并行LC滤波器和150的LCL滤波器的增益。
    Ozone generation is a water disinfection method, superior to chlorine in terms of fewer byproducts and no residual taste. However, its high production cost limits its widespread adoption. This paper designs an ozone generation sinusoidal power supply for water treatment. Ozone generation requires a high-frequency and high-voltage power supply to produce ozone from oxygen molecules. The study evaluates two power supply topologies, one with a parallel LC filter and the other with an LCL filter, assessing their feasibility, effectiveness, and reliability. Theoretically, the LCL filter achieves higher gains than the parallel LC filter. The larger inductance in the parallel LC filter reduces gain, while the larger inductance in the LCL filter increases gain. Simulation and practical results validate these findings, achieving gains of 40 for the parallel LC filter and 150 for the LCL filter.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在本文中,提出了一种电液伺服共振技术,以满足大吨位高频声疲劳试验的加载要求。首先,分析了电液伺服振动的静态和动态加载结构,建立了系统的振动方程。此外,通过仿真分析了系统的模态和振动特性,验证了所提出的电液伺服谐振加载技术的可行性。最后,样品刚度等各种因素的影响,丝杠刚度,二级弹簧刚度,II类重量,下梁质量,并对系统的固有频率和放大系数进行了分析。在本文中,为大吨位高频噪声疲劳测试设备的研发提供理论支持。
    In this paper, an electro-hydraulic servo resonance technology is proposed to meet the loading requirements of a high-frequency sound fatigue test for large tonnage. First of all, we analyze the static and dynamic loading structure of electro-hydraulic servo vibration and establish the vibration equation of the system. Additionally, the modal and vibration characteristics of the system are analyzed by simulation, which verified the feasibility of the proposed electro-hydraulic servo resonant loading technology. Finally, the influence of various factors such as sample stiffness, lead screw stiffness, class II spring stiffness, class II weight mass, lower beam mass, and upper beam mass on the natural frequency and amplification coefficient of the system is analyzed. In this paper, a new technology is proposed to provide theoretical support for the research and development of large-tonnage high-frequency noise fatigue testing equipment.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    昆虫的翅拍频率是其飞行性能的关键决定因素,并且在昆虫纲中变化了多个数量级。尽管昆虫的翼拍频率与其共振频率相匹配可能有能量益处,最近的工作表明,蛾可能会偏离其共振峰。我们假设跨物种,翼拍频率与共振频率成比例,以保持有利的能量学,但是在使用频率调制作为飞行控制手段的物种中存在偏移。蛾超家族Bombycoidea是检验这一假设的理想选择,因为它们的翼拍频率因物种而异,尽管形态和驱动相似。我们用材料测试,高速摄像和共振空气动力学模型,以确定昆虫飞行装置的部件(刚度,机翼惯性,肌肉拉伤和空气动力学)随翼拍频率而变化。我们发现蛾的共振频率与翼拍频率相关,但是共振曲线形状(由Weis-Fogh数描述)和峰位置在进化枝内以与频率相关的生物力学需求相对应的方式变化。我们的结果表明,肌肉的一系列适应,共振力学中的外骨骼和机翼驱动变化,反映对匹配的翼拍和共振频率的潜在约束。
    An insect\'s wingbeat frequency is a critical determinant of its flight performance and varies by multiple orders of magnitude across Insecta. Despite potential energetic benefits for an insect that matches its wingbeat frequency to its resonant frequency, recent work has shown that moths may operate off their resonant peak. We hypothesized that across species, wingbeat frequency scales with resonance frequency to maintain favourable energetics, but with an offset in species that use frequency modulation as a means of flight control. The moth superfamily Bombycoidea is ideal for testing this hypothesis because their wingbeat frequencies vary across species by an order of magnitude, despite similar morphology and actuation. We used materials testing, high-speed videography and a model of resonant aerodynamics to determine how components of an insect\'s flight apparatus (stiffness, wing inertia, muscle strain and aerodynamics) vary with wingbeat frequency. We find that the resonant frequency of a moth correlates with wingbeat frequency, but resonance curve shape (described by the Weis-Fogh number) and peak location vary within the clade in a way that corresponds to frequency-dependent biomechanical demands. Our results demonstrate that a suite of adaptations in muscle, exoskeleton and wing drive variation in resonant mechanics, reflecting potential constraints on matching wingbeat and resonant frequencies.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本文的目的是证明有关材料与非常低的无线电频率之间相互作用的新发现。具体来说,当使用特定频率(约2-4kHz)照射目标药物样品如阿司匹林或对乙酰氨基酚药物时,我们观察到惯性有源传感器上的反馈响应.这种现象的特点,如激励和弛豫时间,减速度与物料数量之间的关系,和信号幅度,进行了介绍和分析。尽管这种现象的基本物理学尚不清楚,我们已经证明了它在化合物的远程识别中具有潜在的应用,检测,和位置感应,以及在不需要任何处理的情况下识别植物中存在的物质。这种方法是快速的,准确,低成本,非破坏性的,非侵入性,使其成为进一步研究的宝贵领域,将来可能会产生惊人的结果。
    The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a new discovery regarding the interaction between materials and very low radio frequencies. Specifically, we observed a feedback response on an inertia active sensor when specific frequencies (around 2-4 kHz) are used to irradiate targeted pharmaceutical samples like aspirin or paracetamol drugs. The characteristics of this phenomenon, such as excitation and relaxation time, the relation between deceleration and a material\'s quantity, and signal amplitude, are presented and analyzed. Although the underlying physics of this phenomenon is not yet known, we have shown that it has potential applications in remote identification of compounds, detection, and location sensing, as well as identifying substances that exist in plants without the need for any processing. This method is fast, accurate, low-cost, non-destructive, and non-invasive, making it a valuable area for further research that could yield spectacular results in the future.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    量化成像模式重现结果的能力对于建立其实用性很重要。在磁共振波谱成像(MRSI)中,定期引入新的采集协议,以改善其在信噪比(SNR)方面的先兆,总采集持续时间,和标称体素分辨率。本研究通过计算从测试重测实验中获得的数据的变异系数,量化了一个这样的新协议(降低视野密度加权同心环轨迹(rFOV-DW-CRT)MRSI)的受试者内部和受试者之间的可重复性。选择后扣带皮质(PCC)和右上电晕辐射(SCR)作为灰质(GM)和白质(WM)的感兴趣区域(ROI),分别。受试者间和受试者内的CV始终在Glx的15%左右或以下,tCho,和Myo-Ins,tNAA和tCr低于5%。
    Quantifying an imaging modality\'s ability to reproduce results is important for establishing its utility. In magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), new acquisition protocols are regularly introduced which improve upon their precursors with respect to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), total acquisition duration, and nominal voxel resolution. This study has quantified the within-subject and between-subject reproducibility of one such new protocol (reduced-field-of-view density-weighted concentric ring trajectory (rFOV-DW-CRT) MRSI) by calculating the coefficient of variance of data acquired from a test-retest experiment. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the right superior corona radiata (SCR) were selected as the regions of interest (ROIs) for grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM), respectively. CVs for between-subject and within-subject were consistently around or below 15% for Glx, tCho, and Myo-Ins, and below 5% for tNAA and tCr.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    我们提出了一种新的方法来表示感知和认知知识,光谱知识表示,集中在大脑的振荡行为上。该模型是在更大的假设认知架构的背景下提出的。该模型使用波的文字表示来描述神经组件在处理感知输入时的动力学。我们展示了该模型如何应用于声音的表示,并有效地模拟音乐感知,特别是谐波距离。我们证明了该模型自然地捕获了由Krumhansl和Kessler根据经验测量的音高和和弦/键距离,从而提供了一种潜在的机制,它们的环形模型可能会出现。我们根据米尔恩和其他人的模型来评估我们的模型。
    We present a novel approach to representing perceptual and cognitive knowledge, spectral knowledge representation, that is focused on the oscillatory behaviour of the brain. The model is presented in the context of a larger hypothetical cognitive architecture. The model uses literal representations of waves to describe the dynamics of neural assemblies as they process perceived input. We show how the model can be applied to representations of sound, and usefully model music perception, specifically harmonic distance. We demonstrate that the model naturally captures both pitch and chord/key distance as empirically measured by Krumhansl and Kessler, thereby providing an underlying mechanism from which their toroidal model might arise. We evaluate our model with respect to those of Milne and others.
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