新石器时代在波兰领土5400-4900BC中出现了线性陶器文化(LBK),引进植物栽培,然而,栽培物种的最终名单仍在争论中。这项研究检查了植物组合(水果,种子,花粉,和孢子)来自Biskupice的LBK定居点,波兰南部,旨在确定在喀尔巴坡山麓地区第一个稳定定居点开发过程中使用的栽培和野生物种。由于广泛的采样,Biskupice采集了超过11,000个宏观植物标本,能够详细分析植物多样性,分布,以及对农业和饮食习惯的影响。分析显示,重点是Emmer和einkorn小麦种植,大麦扮演次要角色,还有亚麻和脉冲的证据。放射性碳测年支持该定居点在公元前6千年的存在,并确认了大麦的使用。然而,一个年轻的日期排除面包小麦种植在这个地方。植物组合包括各种各样的草本野生植物,如黑色旋花,肥胖的母鸡和Brome物种,说明其经济用途。此外,鸡巴草的存在,与东南亚有关,指出了欧洲杂草的替代迁徙路线,由放射性碳测年支持。孢粉学分析表明附近存在谷物地块或在定居点加工谷物,支持考古证据。
The emergence of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) during the Neolithic period within Polish territory 5400-4900 BC, introduced plant cultivation, yet the definitive list of cultivated species remains debated. This study examines plant assemblages (fruits, seeds, pollen, and spores) from the LBK settlement in Biskupice, southern Poland, aiming to identify cultivated and wild species used during the development of the first stable settlements in the Carpathian Foothills. Due to extensive sampling, Biskupice yielded over 11,000 macroscopic plant specimens, enabling detailed analysis of plant diversity, distribution, and implications for agrarian and dietary practices. The analysis revealed a focus on emmer and einkorn wheat cultivation, with barley playing a minor role, alongside evidence of flax and pulses. Radiocarbon dating supported the settlement\'s existence in the 6th millennium BCE, and confirmed the use of barley. However, a younger date excluded bread wheat cultivation at this site. The plant assemblage included a diverse array of herbaceous wild plants like black bindweed, fat hen and brome species, suggesting their economic use. Additionally, the presence of cockspur grass, linked with Southeast Asia, indicates alternative migration routes of weeds in Europe, as supported by radiocarbon dating. Palynological analysis suggests existence of nearby cereal plots or the processing of cereals at the settlement, supporting archaeological evidence.