肿瘤紧急情况是由恶性肿瘤或其治疗直接引起的广泛的肿瘤病症。肿瘤紧急情况可以根据代谢的潜在病理生理学进行分类,血液学,和结构条件。在后者中,放射科医生有着举足轻重的作用,通过准确的诊断有助于提供最佳的病人护理。结构状况可能涉及中枢神经系统,胸部,或者腹部,急诊放射科医生必须知道他们每个人的特征成像结果。由于普通人群中恶性肿瘤的发病率增加以及由于癌症治疗的进步而导致这些患者的生存率提高,因此肿瘤紧急情况的数量正在增加。人工智能(AI)可能是一种解决方案,可以帮助紧急放射科医生解决这种迅速增加的工作量。据我们所知,在肿瘤紧急情况下的人工智能应用大多没有得到充分开发,可能是由于肿瘤紧急情况的数量相对较少,以及训练算法的困难。然而,癌症紧急情况是由原因定义的,而不是由放射学症状和体征的特定模式定义的。因此,可以预期,为检测非肿瘤领域的这些紧急情况而开发的AI算法可以转移到肿瘤紧急情况的临床环境中。在这次审查中,遵循头尾方法和中枢神经系统,胸廓,关于文献中报道的人工智能应用,已经解决了腹部肿瘤紧急情况。在中枢神经系统紧急情况中,已经报道AI应用于脑疝和脊髓压迫。在胸区,处理的紧急情况是肺栓塞,心脏压塞和气胸.气胸是人工智能最常见的应用,以提高灵敏度并减少诊断时间。最后,关于腹部紧急情况,AI应用于腹腔出血,肠梗阻,肠穿孔,和肠套叠已经被描述。
Oncologic emergencies are a wide spectrum of oncologic conditions caused directly by malignancies or their treatment. Oncologic emergencies may be classified according to the underlying physiopathology in metabolic, hematologic, and structural conditions. In the latter, radiologists have a pivotal role, through an accurate diagnosis useful to provide optimal patient care. Structural conditions may involve the central nervous system, thorax, or abdomen, and emergency radiologists have to know the characteristics imaging findings of each one of them. The number of oncologic emergencies is growing due to the increased incidence of malignancies in the general population and also to the improved survival of these patients thanks to the advances in cancer treatment. Artificial intelligence (AI) could be a solution to assist emergency radiologists with this rapidly increasing workload. To our knowledge, AI applications in the setting of the oncologic emergency are mostly underexplored, probably due to the relatively low number of oncologic emergencies and the difficulty in training algorithms. However, cancer emergencies are defined by the cause and not by a specific pattern of radiological symptoms and signs. Therefore, it can be expected that AI algorithms developed for the detection of these emergencies in the non-oncological field can be transferred to the clinical setting of oncologic emergency. In this review, a craniocaudal approach was followed and central nervous system, thoracic, and abdominal oncologic emergencies have been addressed regarding the AI applications reported in literature. Among the central nervous system emergencies, AI applications have been reported for brain herniation and spinal cord compression. In the thoracic district the addressed emergencies were pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade and pneumothorax. Pneumothorax was the most frequently described application for AI, to improve sensibility and to reduce the time-to-diagnosis. Finally, regarding abdominal emergencies, AI applications for abdominal hemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, and intestinal intussusception have been described.