糖尿病,一个重大的全球公共卫生挑战,严重影响全球人类健康。类器官,创新的体外三维(3D)培养模型,紧密模仿体内的组织或器官。分泌胰岛素的胰岛类器官,来源于体外诱导的3D结构的干细胞,已经成为胰岛移植的潜在替代方案和反映人体体内环境的可能疾病模型,消除物种差异。该技术因其在糖尿病治疗中的潜力而获得了相当大的关注。尽管取得了进展,干细胞分化为胰岛类器官的过程及其培养表明存在缺陷,促使人们不断努力开发更有效的分化方案和3D仿生材料。目前,构建的胰岛类器官在其组成上表现出局限性,结构,与天然胰岛相比时的功能。因此,进一步的研究是必要的,以实现多组织系统的组成和改善的胰岛素分泌功能在胰岛器官,在解决移植相关安全问题的同时,例如致瘤性,免疫排斥,感染,和血栓形成。这篇综述探讨了构建胰岛类器官的方法和策略,其在糖尿病治疗中的应用,以及类器官研究中的关键科学挑战,为更深入地了解糖尿病的发病机制和治疗干预措施的发展提供了新的视角。
Diabetes mellitus, a significant global public health challenge, severely impacts human health worldwide. The organoid, an innovative in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture model, closely mimics tissues or organs in vivo. Insulin-secreting islet organoid, derived from stem cells induced in vitro with 3D structures, has emerged as a potential alternative for islet transplantation and as a possible disease model that mirrors the human body\'s in vivo environment, eliminating species difference. This technology has gained considerable attention for its potential in diabetes treatment. Despite advances, the process of stem cell differentiation into islet organoid and its cultivation demonstrates deficiencies, prompting ongoing efforts to develop more efficient differentiation protocols and 3D biomimetic materials. At present, the constructed islet organoid exhibit limitations in their composition, structure, and functionality when compared to natural islets. Consequently, further research is imperative to achieve a multi-tissue system composition and improved insulin secretion functionality in islet organoid, while addressing transplantation-related safety concerns, such as tumorigenicity, immune rejection, infection, and thrombosis. This review delves into the methodologies and strategies for constructing the islet organoid, its application in diabetes treatment, and the pivotal scientific challenges within organoid research, offering fresh perspectives for a deeper understanding of diabetes pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic interventions.