Indian ocean islands

印度洋群岛
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    海草草甸的面积在全球范围内迅速下降,然而它们提供了非常有价值的社会效益。然而,它们的保护受到当前和历史空间范围数据差距的阻碍。这里,我们概述了使用开源平台(GoogleEarthEngine)和免费提供的卫星数据(Landsat,Sentinel-2),可以很容易地在全球其他国家应用。具体来说,我们绘制了马尔代夫的当代(2021年)和历史(2000-2021年;n=10张地图)浅水海草范围。我们发现当代马尔代夫海草范围约为105km2(总体精度=82.04%),特别是,在2000年至2021年之间,海草面积增加了三倍(线性模型,1年+4.6km2,r2=0.93,p<0.001)。在海草和人为活动之间存在强烈的显著关联(p<0.001),我们假设这是由养分负荷和/或改变的沉积物动力学(来自大规模土地开垦)驱动的,这将对马尔代夫海草草甸产生有益的人为影响。在全球海草下降的背景下,国家规模的热带海草扩张是独一无二的,因此,我们强调马尔代夫是一个罕见的全球海草“亮点”,非常值得科学界关注。商业,和保护政策背景。
    The areal extent of seagrass meadows is in rapid global decline, yet they provide highly valuable societal benefits. However, their conservation is hindered by data gaps on current and historic spatial extents. Here, we outline an approach for national-scale seagrass mapping and monitoring using an open-source platform (Google Earth Engine) and freely available satellite data (Landsat, Sentinel-2) that can be readily applied in other countries globally. Specifically, we map contemporary (2021) and historical (2000-2021; n = 10 maps) shallow water seagrass extent across the Maldives. We found contemporary Maldivian seagrass extent was ~ 105 km2 (overall accuracy = 82.04%) and, notably, that seagrass area increased threefold between 2000 and 2021 (linear model, + 4.6 km2 year-1, r2 = 0.93, p < 0.001). There was a strongly significant association between seagrass and anthropogenic activity (p < 0.001) that we hypothesize to be driven by nutrient loading and/or altered sediment dynamics (from large scale land reclamation), which would represent a beneficial anthropogenic influence on Maldivian seagrass meadows. National-scale tropical seagrass expansion is unique against the backdrop of global seagrass decline and we therefore highlight the Maldives as a rare global seagrass \'bright spot\' highly worthy of increased attention across scientific, commercial, and conservation policy contexts.
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  • 文章类型: Systematic Review
    抗菌素耐药性(AMR)的散布是全球存眷的主要成绩,西南印度洋(SWIO)的岛屿也不能幸免于这种现象。作为南部非洲和印度次大陆之间的战略十字路口,这些岛屿不断受到从这些地区进口耐多药细菌的威胁。在这次系统审查中,我们的目的是评估SWIO群岛人类AMR的流行病学状况,重点关注世界卫生组织列为优先事项的细菌物种。具体来说,我们检查了肠杆菌,不动杆菌属。,假单胞菌属。耐碳青霉烯类,和肠球菌属。耐万古霉素。我们的主要目标是绘制这些耐药细菌在SWIO岛中的分布图,并确定参与其耐药机制的基因。我们对科摩罗进行了文献综述,马达加斯加,马尔代夫,毛里求斯,马约特岛,留尼汪岛,塞舌尔,斯里兰卡,还有桑给巴尔.我们的发现表明,人们对这些病原体的调查越来越感兴趣,并提供了在许多被调查地区活跃循环的证据。然而,我们还确定了目标细菌之间和不同地区之间的数据可用性方面的差异,强调需要加强合作努力,以建立有效的区域监视网络。
    The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global concern, and the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) are not exempt from this phenomenon. As strategic crossroads between Southern Africa and the Indian subcontinent, these islands are constantly threatened by the importation of multidrug-resistant bacteria from these regions. In this systematic review, our aim was to assess the epidemiological situation of AMR in humans in the SWIO islands, focusing on bacterial species listed as priority by the World Health Organization. Specifically, we examined Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. resistant to carbapenems, and Enterococcus spp. resistant to vancomycin. Our main objectives were to map the distribution of these resistant bacteria in the SWIO islands and identify the genes involved in their resistance mechanisms. We conducted literature review focusing on Comoros, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion Island, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Zanzibar. Our findings revealed a growing interest in the investigation of these pathogens and provided evidence of their active circulation in many of the territories investigated. However, we also identified disparities in terms of data availability between the targeted bacteria and among the different territories, emphasizing the need to strengthen collaborative efforts to establish an efficient regional surveillance network.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:确定社区对色素性干皮病(XP)的严重程度的看法,以及在Micheweni寻求医疗保健的做法,奔巴回应了公众关于疾病负担增加的广泛信息。
    方法:混合方法横断面研究。
    方法:Micheweni区,奔巴.
    方法:家庭调查中的211名男性和女性成年人,在案例研究中,XP患者的三名看护人/父母,20名主要社区领导人/有影响力的人和卫生工作者进行深入访谈,50名社区成员和六个焦点小组的其他领导人。
    结果:这项研究表明,XP疾病存在于少数家庭中,其中一些家庭有一个以上的孩子受到影响。记录回顾显示,在过去3年中,共有17名病人被诊断患有此病,然而,在调查期间只有10人还活着。社区成员的调查结果显示,一些患者被认为患有XP疾病,其感知原因包括遗传,食物种类,信仰和其他社会文化实践。看护者和宗教领袖报告了污名和歧视。然而,在我们的研究小组进行临床检查时,一些被认为是XP的病例被确定为其他皮肤疾病.关于XP和其他皮肤病有很大的困惑。
    结论:研究表明,XP仅影响少数家庭,因此被称为集中而不是普遍的疾病。由于这种疾病的稀缺性,该地区的大多数人都不知道这种疾病,因此,它与其他皮肤状况混淆。政府需要与其他利益相关者合作,向社区成员提供有关该疾病的教育计划,以解决对该疾病严重程度的误解。
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the community\'s perception on the magnitude of Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) disease and healthcare-seeking practices in Micheweni, Pemba in response to the public widespread information on the increased burden of the disease.
    METHODS: Mixed-methods cross-sectional study.
    METHODS: Micheweni district, Pemba.
    METHODS: 211 male and female adults in the household survey, three caretakers/parents of patients with XP in the case study, 20 key community leaders/influential people and health workers in in-depth interviews and 50 community members and other leaders in six focus groups.
    RESULTS: This study has revealed that XP disease exists in few families of which some of them have more than one child affected. The record review showed that there were a total of 17 patients who were diagnosed with the disease for the past 3 years, however only 10 were alive during the time of the survey. Findings from the community members revealed that several patients were believed to have XP disease and perceived causes include inheritance, food types, beliefs and other sociocultural practices. Stigma and discrimination were reported by caretakers and religious leaders. However, some cases believed to be XP were identified as other skin conditions when clinical examination was performed by the team of our researchers. There is a great confusion about XP and other skin diseases.
    CONCLUSIONS: The study has shown that XP affects only few families, hence termed as concentrated rather than a generalised disease. Due to the rareness of the disease, majority of people in the district are unaware of the disease, hence confusing it with other skin conditions. There is a need for the government in collaboration with other stakeholders to provide educational programme to community members about the disease to address the misconception about the magnitude of the disease.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    咖啡属的野生物种呈现出非常广泛的形态,遗传,生化多样性。野生物种被认为对疾病更具抵抗力,害虫,和环境变化比目前在世界范围内种植的两个物种:阿拉比卡(阿拉比卡)和卡内弗拉(罗布斯塔)。因此,野生物种现在被认为是使种植的咖啡树适应气候变化的重要资源。在咖啡属中,79种野生物种原产于科摩罗的印度洋岛屿,马约特岛,毛里求斯,留尼汪岛和马达加斯加,在全世界总共141个分类单元中。其中,一组称为“Baracoffea”的9种物种在形态和适应马达加斯加西部干燥落叶林的沙质土壤方面特别不典型。这里,我们试图揭示三种Baracoffea物种的进化史:C.ambongensis,通过分析它们的叶绿体和核基因组。我们从头组装了完整的叶绿体基因组,并从核基因组中提取了28,800个SNP(单核苷酸多态性)标记。这些数据用于马达加斯加和非洲咖啡物种的Baracoffea的系统发育分析。我们的新数据支持马达加斯加咖啡中Baracoffea的单系起源,但也揭示了与四个物种的姐妹进化枝的分歧:C.augagneurii,C.ratsimamangae,C.pervilleana和C.Mcphersonii(也称为C.vohemarensis),属于亚终端植物系列,生活在马达加斯加北部的干燥或潮湿森林中。基于生物气候分析,我们的工作表明,巴拉科菲可能与马达加斯加北部的一组马达加斯加咖啡不同,并适应了马达加斯加西部特定的干旱气候和低降雨量。在这项工作过程中产生的基因组数据将有助于理解这些特别独特的物种的适应机制。
    The wild species of the Coffea genus present a very wide morphological, genetic, and biochemical diversity. Wild species are recognized more resistant to diseases, pests, and environmental variations than the two species currently cultivated worldwide: C. arabica (Arabica) and C. canephora (Robusta). Consequently, wild species are now considered as a crucial resource for adapting cultivated coffee trees to climate change. Within the Coffea genus, 79 wild species are native to the Indian Ocean islands of Comoros, Mayotte, Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar, out of a total of 141 taxa worldwide. Among them, a group of 9 species called \"Baracoffea\" are particularly atypical in their morphology and adaptation to the sandy soils of the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Here, we have attempted to shed light on the evolutionary history of three Baracoffea species: C. ambongensis, C. boinensis and C. bissetiae by analyzing their chloroplast and nuclear genomes. We assembled the complete chloroplast genomes de novo and extracted 28,800 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers from the nuclear genomes. These data were used for phylogenetic analysis of Baracoffea with Coffea species from Madagascar and Africa. Our new data support the monophyletic origin of Baracoffea within the Coffea of Madagascar, but also reveal a divergence with a sister clade of four species: C. augagneurii, C. ratsimamangae, C. pervilleana and C. Mcphersonii (also called C. vohemarensis), belonging to the Subterminal botanical series and living in dry or humid forests of northern Madagascar. Based on a bioclimatic analysis, our work suggests that Baracoffea may have diverged from a group of Malagasy Coffea from northern Madagascar and adapted to the specific dry climate and low rainfall of western Madagascar. The genomic data generated in the course of this work will contribute to the understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of these particularly singular species.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    童年是人类独特的生命时期。童年可能是通过获取知识和谋生技能的需要而发展起来的。为了理解童年的功能意义,以前的研究调查了随着年龄的增长,食物资源中觅食的回报增加。这种增长可能是由于知识的变化,或其他因素,如身体大小或强度。这里,我们试图打开这些与年龄相关的变化。首先,我们估计两种资源的特定年龄觅食回报。然后,我们开发非线性结构方程模型来评估生态知识的相对重要性,在奔巴岛上的一群兼职儿童觅食者的抓地力和身高,坦桑尼亚。我们使用人体测量(身高,力量,n=250),在370次觅食旅行中,对63个人的生态知识(n=93)和行为观察进行了估计。我们发现,随着陷阱狩猎的年龄增长,觅食回报的增加速度比贝类收集慢。我们没有发现个人知识对觅食收益的任何影响,可能与觅食方内的信息共享有关。对特定性状对个体觅食表现的独特贡献进行准确估计,是评估童年出现的不同假设的关键步骤。
    Childhood is a period of life unique to humans. Childhood may have evolved through the need to acquire knowledge and subsistence skills. In an effort to understand the functional significance of childhood, previous research examined increases with age in returns to foraging across food resources. Such increases could be due to changes in knowledge, or other factors such as body size or strength. Here, we attempt to unpack these age-related changes. First, we estimate age-specific foraging returns for two resources. We then develop nonlinear structural equation models to evaluate the relative importance of ecological knowledge, grip strength and height in a population of part-time children foragers on Pemba island, Tanzania. We use anthropometric measures (height, strength, n = 250), estimates of ecological knowledge (n = 93) and behavioural observations for 63 individuals across 370 foraging trips. We find slower increases in foraging returns with age for trap hunting than for shellfish collection. We do not detect any effect of individual knowledge on foraging returns, potentially linked to information sharing within foraging parties. Producing accurate estimates of the distinct contribution of specific traits to an individual\'s foraging performance constitutes a key step in evaluating different hypotheses for the emergence of childhood.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在不同类型的社会中,物质财富的不平等程度已经确立。不太清楚,然而,物质财富是如何与关系财富联系在一起的,以及这种关联对物质财富不平等的影响。理论和证据表明,物质财富既是指南,图案由,关系财富。虽然现有的比较研究通常假设不同类型的财富之间的互补性,这种关联可能因不同种类的关系财富而有所不同。这里,我们首先回顾文献,以确定不同形式的关系财富如何以及为什么可以对齐。然后我们转向对家庭层面社交网络的分析(食物共享,特定于性别的友谊和特定于性别的共同工作网络)和来自奔巴农村社区的物质财富数据,桑给巴尔.我们发现(I)物质上富有的人有最多的关系关系,(二)关系财富和物质财富之间的联系--以及更普遍的关系财富--是由性别差异形成的,和(iii)不同形式的关系财富具有相似的结构属性,并且紧密一致。更广泛地说,我们展示了如何研究不同类型的关系财富的模式,提供了如何以及为什么物质财富的不平等在经历快速经济变化的社区中保持低调的见解。本文是主题问题“不平等的进化生态学”的一部分。
    The extent of inequality in material wealth across different types of societies is well established. Less clear, however, is how material wealth is associated with relational wealth, and the implications of such associations for material wealth inequality. Theory and evidence suggest that material wealth both guides, and is patterned by, relational wealth. While existing comparative studies typically assume complementarity between different types of wealth, such associations may differ for distinct kinds of relational wealth. Here, we first review the literature to identify how and why different forms of relational wealth may align. We then turn to an analysis of household-level social networks (food sharing, gender-specific friendship and gender-specific co-working networks) and material wealth data from a rural community in Pemba, Zanzibar. We find that (i) the materially wealthy have most relational ties, (ii) the associations between relational and material wealth-as well as relational wealth more generally-are patterned by gender differences, and (iii) different forms of relational wealth have similar structural properties and are closely aligned. More broadly, we show how examining the patterning of distinct types of relational wealth provides insights into how and why inequality in material wealth remains muted in a community undergoing rapid economic change. This article is part of the theme issue \'Evolutionary ecology of inequality\'.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    先前没有疟疾的岛屿在最初引入后有时会出现严重的流行病,最臭名昭著的例子是1867年的印度洋岛屿毛里求斯。对历史记录进行了检查,以了解印度太平洋岛屿上是否有其他疟疾流行的例子,最初是非疟疾的,已经被记录在案。19世纪后期,诸如OntongJava之类的波利尼西亚异常值的人口减少在很大程度上归咎于疟疾。两个西部群岛都存在类似但记录较少的情况,巴布亚新几内亚,还有所罗门群岛的Rennell.20世纪初,塞舌尔大科摩罗和阿尔达布拉岛出现了疟疾的具体实例。在某些情况下,这种流行病是由按蚊媒介的变化引起的,而在其他情况下,携带寄生虫的新种群是重要的生态变化。是的,然而,值得注意的是,在印度太平洋岛屿上很少发生重大疟疾流行。
    Islands without prior malaria have on occasion had severe epidemics after its initial introduction, the most infamous example being the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius in 1867. The historical record was examined to see if additional examples of malaria epidemics on Indo-Pacific islands, which were originally non-malarious had been documented. The late nineteenth century depopulation of Polynesian outliers such as Ontong Java has largely been blamed on malaria. Similar but less well-documented instances exist with both the Western Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Rennell in the Solomon Islands. Specific instances of malaria introduction to Grand Comoros and Aldabra Island in the Seychelles occurred by the early twentieth century. In some cases, the epidemics were caused by changes in anopheline vectors while in others new human populations carrying parasites were the important ecological change. It is, however, remarkable how rarely major malaria epidemics have occurred on Indo-Pacific islands.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    The highly contagious nature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) places physicians in South Asia at high risk of contracting the infection. Accordingly, we conducted this study to provide an updated account of physician deaths in South Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze and compare the different characteristics associated with physician mortality amongst the countries of the region.
    We performed a cross-sectional study by using published news reports on the websites of news agencies from 9 selected countries in South Asia. Our study included only those physicians and doctors who died after contracting COVID-19 from their respective workplaces. All available data about the country of origin, type of, sex, age, medical or surgical specialty, and date of death were included.
    The total number of physician deaths reported due to COVID-19 in our study was 170, with half (87/170, 51%) of the deaths reported from Iran. Male physician deaths were reported to be 145 (145/170 = 85%). Internal Medicine (58.43%) was the most severely affected sub-specialty. The highest physician mortality rate in the general population recorded in Afghanistan (27/1000 deaths). General physicians from India [OR = 11.00(95% CI = 1.06-114.08), p = 0.045] and public sector medical practitioners from Pakistan [aOR = 4.52 (95% CI = 1.18-17.33), p = 0.028] were showing significant mortality when compared with other regions in multivariate logistic regression.
    An increased number of physician deaths, owing to COVID-19, has been shown in South Asia. This could be due to decreased personal protective equipment and the poor health care management systems of the countries in the region to combat the pandemic. Future studies should provide detailed information of characteristics associated with physician mortalities along with the main complications arising due to the virus.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    华盛顿集团(WG)工具捕获自我报告的功能限制,范围从短集合(SS)中的6个域到扩展集合(ESF)中的11个域。由于模块之间的差异和它们的不同应用,患病率估计可能会有很大差异。我们按WG模块比较患病率估计值,阈值,应用和域来探索这些细微差别,并考虑问题的替代组合在简化集合中是否有价值。我们对使用WG工具的低收入和中等收入国家的七项基于人口的调查(分析仅限于18岁以上的成年人)进行了二次分析。使用SS标准阈值(在一个或多个领域中有很多困难或更高)的患病率估计值在瓦努阿图的3.2%(95%置信区间2.9-3.6)至土耳其的14.1%(12.2-16.2)之间变化。使用ESF的患病率高于SS,使用更宽的“一些”或更大的难度阈值,并且更高(5到10倍)。两个SS域(通信,自我护理)发现很少有额外的个体有功能限制。用焦虑和抑郁的心理社会领域代替这些领域的替代SS将识别出更多具有相同数量项目的功能限制的参与者。WG工具对于收集有关残疾的统一人口数据很有价值。重要的是,不同模块的使用对普遍性的影响,识别阈值和应用。替代SS可以在不增加项目数量的情况下捕获更大比例的具有功能域的人。
    The Washington Group (WG) tools capture self-reported functional limitations, ranging from 6 domains in the Short Set (SS) to 11 in the Extended Set (ESF). Prevalence estimates can vary considerably on account of differences between modules and the different applications of them. We compare prevalence estimates by WG module, threshold, application and domain to explore these nuances and consider whether alternative combinations of questions may be valuable in reduced sets. We conducted secondary analyses of seven population-based surveys (analyses restricted to adults 18+) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries that used the WG tools. The prevalence estimates using the SS standard threshold (a lot of difficulty or higher in one or more domain) varied between 3.2% (95% Confidence Interval 2.9-3.6) in Vanuatu to 14.1% (12.2-16.2) in Turkey. The prevalence was higher using the ESF than the SS, and much higher (5 to 10-fold) using a wider threshold of \"some\" or greater difficulty. Two of the SS domains (communication, self-care) identified few additional individuals with functional limitations. An alternative SS replacing these domains with the psychosocial domains of anxiety and depression would identify more participants with functional limitations for the same number of items. The WG tools are valuable for collecting harmonised population data on disability. It is important that the impact on prevalence of use of different modules, thresholds and applications is recognised. An alternative SS may capture a greater proportion of people with functional domains without increasing the number of items.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Green sea turtles are one of the two species of marine turtles known to nest in the Maldives. The prevalent time of nesting seems to be inconsistent throughout the island nation. In this study, sea turtle nesting activity was monitored on the island of Coco Palm Dhuni Kolhu in Baa Atoll over a period of 12 months. A total of 13 nests were confirmed with a median hatching success rate of 89.58% as ascertained by nest excavation. In one of the nests, a severely deformed hatchling with polycephaly, an opening in the neck area and a lordotic spine was found, and we investigated in detail with radiographic images and a necropsy. Our findings support the importance of consistent nesting activity and nest monitoring efforts in the country as a basis for conservation efforts.
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