背景:地中海饮食(MedDiets)与实质性的健康益处有关。然而,越来越多的证据表明,在过去60年中,食品生产的集约化导致食品成分的营养相关变化,这可能会增强MedDiets的健康益处.
目的:合成,总结,并批判性地评估当前可用的证据,证明农业集约化实践导致的食物成分变化及其对MedDiets健康益处的潜在影响。
方法:我们总结/综合了以下信息:(i)系统文献综述/荟萃分析以及最近发表的有关常规食品和有机食品之间成分差异的文章,(ii)比较农业集约化前后食物成分数据的案头研究,(iii)最近的零售和农场调查和/或阶乘田间试验,确定了导致食物成分营养相关变化的特定农艺做法,(iv)最近的系统文献综述以及随后发表的少量观察性和饮食干预研究,调查了农业集约化导致的食物成分变化对健康的潜在影响。
结论:越来越多的证据表明,食品生产的集约化导致(i)营养理想化合物的浓度降低(例如,酚类物质,某些维生素,矿物质微量营养素,包括硒,Zn,和欧米茄-3脂肪酸,α-生育酚)和/或(ii)较高浓度的营养上不需要或有毒的化合物(农药残留,镉,omega-6脂肪酸)在许多食物中(包括全麦谷物,水果和蔬菜,橄榄油,小反刍动物的奶制品和肉类,和鱼)被认为有助于与MedDiets相关的健康益处。从强化的传统生产系统中消费食品对健康的负面影响的证据也有所增加,但仍然有限,主要基于观察性研究的证据。讨论了当前证据基础的局限性和差距。结论:现在有大量证据表明,农业食品生产的集约化导致许多食品的营养质量下降,这些食品被认为有助于与坚持传统饮食相关的积极健康影响。需要进一步的研究来量化这种下降在多大程度上增强了坚持传统MedDiet的积极健康影响。
BACKGROUND: Mediterranean diets (MedDiets) are linked to substantial health benefits. However, there is also growing evidence that the intensification of food production over the last 60 years has resulted in nutritionally relevant changes in the composition of foods that may augment the health benefits of MedDiets.
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize, summarize, and critically evaluate the currently available evidence for changes in food composition resulting from agricultural intensification practices and their potential impact on the health benefits of MedDiets.
METHODS: We summarized/synthesized information from (
i) systematic literature reviews/meta-analyses and more recently published articles on composition differences between conventional and organic foods, (ii) desk studies which compared food composition data from before and after agricultural intensification, (iii) recent retail and farm surveys and/or factorial field experiments that identified specific agronomic practices responsible for nutritionally relevant changes in food composition, and (iv) a recent systematic literature review and a small number of subsequently published observational and dietary intervention studies that investigated the potential health impacts of changes in food composition resulting from agricultural intensification.
CONCLUSIONS: There has been growing evidence that the intensification of food production has resulted in (
i) lower concentrations of nutritionally desirable compounds (e.g., phenolics, certain vitamins, mineral micronutrients including Se, Zn, and omega-3 fatty acids, α-tocopherol) and/or (ii) higher concentrations of nutritionally undesirable or toxic compounds (pesticide residues, cadmium, omega-6 fatty acids) in many of the foods (including wholegrain cereals, fruit and vegetables, olive oil, dairy products and meat from small ruminants, and fish) that are thought to contribute to the health benefits associated with MedDiets. The evidence for negative health impacts of consuming foods from intensified conventional production systems has also increased but is still limited and based primarily on evidence from observational studies. Limitations and gaps in the current evidence base are discussed. Conclusions: There is now substantial evidence that the intensification of agricultural food production has resulted in a decline in the nutritional quality of many of the foods that are recognized to contribute to the positive health impacts associated with adhering to traditional MedDiets. Further research is needed to quantify to what extent this decline augments the positive health impacts of adhering to a traditional MedDiet.