A headline result from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment is that emergency room (ER) utilization increased. A seemingly contradictory result from the Massachusetts health reform is that ER utilization decreased. I reconcile both results by identifying treatment effect heterogeneity within the Oregon experiment and extrapolating it to Massachusetts. Even though Oregon compliers increased their ER utilization, they were adversely selected relative to Oregon never takers, who would have decreased their ER utilization. Massachusetts expanded coverage from a higher level to healthier compliers. Therefore, Massachusetts compliers are comparable to a subset of Oregon never takers, which can reconcile the results.

UNASSIGNED: Although retinoblastoma (Rb) is considered to have a good prognosis, economical stress is still a huge problem for patients\' families. Besides, doctors, the government, and social foundation staff do not precisely know how much is truly required for complete Rb therapy, especially the non-medical costs and indirect costs. This study was conducted to estimate the economic burden of Rb patients.
UNASSIGNED: This was a retrospective study. Fifty Rb patients were finally enrolled in the study. The questionnaire survey was conducted with surviving Rb patient\' main family caregivers to collect the information on costs during illness through the phone. Costs included direct and indirect cost; direct costs included medical and non-medical costs. Medical costs include drug costs, surgery costs, treatment fees, lab tests, non-lab tests costs, and medical consumptive stuff costs (including hospital expenses and outpatient fees).
UNASSIGNED: The total direct cost was $27,814.62 ± 15,137.73, and the average medical cost was $15,034.48 ± 8,224.19 ($3,963.99-36,826.53). The total non-medical expenses averaged $12,252.93 ± 9,872.64 ($728.86-48,104.95). The average reduced working time was 11.50 ± 8.06 months, and the average lost income was $13,512.23 ± 11,545.83. Among the non-medical expenses, the average non-medical expenses for children in Beijing and surrounding areas was $6,557.68 ± 6,385.42, and the average non-medical expenses for children in other provinces and was $14,502.29 ± 10,484.86, t-test p-value = 0.011. The average transportation cost for children in Beijing and surrounding areas (Hebei, Tianjin) was $1,871.09 ± 1,428.91, other provinces was $4,909.62 ± 3,697.02. Of children in Beijing and surrounding areas the average accommodation fee was $2,788.42 ± 3,065.00, in other provinces it was $6,599.27 ± 3,065.00.
UNASSIGNED: Children with Rb have a heavy economic burden. Direct non-medical expenses are higher. Getting medical treatment nearby can help reduce the economic burden of the disease. Besides, work-related issues are also a major financial problem for families with Rb, and the government should properly provide economic subsidies. Simplifying the national health insurance process and purchasing commercial supplementary medical insurance will increase the family\'s ability to afford the cost of cancer treatment.

How important is the relaxation of contact restrictions for the recovery of the German economy and what conclusions can be drawn for the appropriate level of contact restrictions in the coming months? In considering these issues, an attempt will be made to assess what significance the contact restriction measures introduced by the federal and state governments since mid-March 2020 will actually have for the current slump in economic activity in Germany. In addition, the various plausible scenarios for the spread and containment of infection are presented with different options for easing contact restrictions.