病毒是许多相关疾病的病因,包括流感,埃博拉病毒,艾滋病毒/艾滋病,和COVID-19。它的快速复制和高传播性不仅会对个人而且会对集体健康造成严重后果,造成深刻的经济影响。在这种情况下,诊断工具非常重要,允许快速,精确,和大量个人的低成本测试。目前,基于PCR的技术是诊断病毒性疾病的金标准。虽然这些可以高精度地诊断不同的疾病,它们仍然存在显著的缺点。它们的主要缺点包括获得结果的时间很长,需要专门的专业人员和设备,要求在研究中心进行测试。在这种情况下,生物传感器已被认为是有希望的替代品,精确,低成本,和病毒性疾病的现场诊断。这篇重要的评论文章描述了过去五年中在用于诊断病毒感染的电化学生物传感器方面取得的进展。首先,基因传感器和aptasensor的病毒检测和病毒性疾病诊断的详细介绍了有关探针固定方法,检测方法(无标签和三明治),和放大策略。Follows,免疫传感器被强调,包括许多不同的建设策略,如无标签,三明治,竞争性,和侧流测定。然后,介绍并讨论了用于检测病毒疾病相关生物标志物的生物传感器,以及与传统技术相比的护理系统及其优势。最后,将电化学装置商业化的困难与诸如芯片实验室和柔性传感器等未来趋势一起进行了严格讨论。
Viruses are the causing agents for many relevant diseases, including influenza, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Its rapid replication and high transmissibility can lead to serious consequences not only to the individual but also to collective health, causing deep economic impacts. In this scenario, diagnosis tools are of significant importance, allowing the rapid, precise, and low-cost testing of a substantial number of individuals. Currently, PCR-based techniques are the gold standard for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Although these allow the diagnosis of different illnesses with high precision, they still present significant drawbacks. Their main disadvantages include long periods for obtaining results and the need for specialized professionals and equipment, requiring the tests to be performed in research centers. In this scenario, biosensors have been presented as promising alternatives for the rapid, precise, low-cost, and on-site diagnosis of viral diseases. This critical review article describes the advancements achieved in the last five years regarding electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral infections. First, genosensors and aptasensors for the detection of virus and the diagnosis of viral diseases are presented in detail regarding probe immobilization approaches, detection methods (label-free and sandwich), and amplification strategies. Following, immunosensors are highlighted, including many different construction strategies such as label-free, sandwich, competitive, and lateral-flow assays. Then, biosensors for the detection of viral-diseases-related biomarkers are presented and discussed, as well as point of care systems and their advantages when compared to traditional techniques. Last, the difficulties of commercializing electrochemical devices are critically discussed in conjunction with future trends such as lab-on-a-chip and flexible sensors.