背景:牙周组织丢失是牙周病导致牙齿移动和丢失的主要原因。牙囊干细胞(DFSCs)在牙周再生中具有显著的治疗潜力,这可能主要取决于它们有效的免疫调节能力。因此,本研究旨在阐明植入的异种DFSCs对牙周缺损修复早期和晚期先天免疫反应的影响.
方法:为了追踪和研究DFSCs在体内的免疫调节机制,使用表达CD63增强的绿色荧光蛋白(CD63-EGFP)和β-肌动蛋白-mCherry蛋白(ACTB-mCherry)的慢病毒载体对DFSC进行工程改造(E-DFSC),以显示绿色和红色荧光。通过增殖验证E-DFSCs的生物学特性和功能,分化,和体外共培养实验。在体内,通过植入小鼠牙周缺损模型检测E-DFSCs的牙周再生能力,先天性免疫细胞的反应在1号被检测到,3rd,植入后第5天(早期)和第4周(晚期)。
结果:体外评估显示E-DFSC保持与其非工程化对应物相似的性质,但表现出增强的巨噬细胞免疫调节能力。在小鼠模型中,四周的显微CT和组织学评估表明,E-DFSCs在牙周缺损再生中具有与DFSCs相当的效率。在小鼠牙周缺损修复的早期阶段,荧光示踪表明,植入的E-DFSCs可能主要通过直接接触和间接作用激活内源性细胞,这些细胞大部分是髓过氧化物酶阳性的中性粒细胞。此外,与对照组相比,E-DFSC组中性粒细胞浸润和N2型转化明显增加.在缺陷再生的后期,更多的M2型巨噬细胞,更少的TRAP+破骨细胞,与对照组相比,在E-DFSC组中检测到OPG/RANKL比率上调,这表明免疫平衡向愈合和骨形成倾斜。
结论:异种植入的DFSCs可以在早期诱导中性粒细胞的N2表型。激活宿主固有免疫机制,促进牙周组织再生。
BACKGROUND: Periodontal tissue loss is the main reason for tooth mobility and loss caused by periodontal disease. Dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) have significant therapeutic potential in periodontal regeneration, which maybe mainly depends on their potent immunomodulatory capacity. Consequently, this study aims to elucidate the impact of implanted xenogenous DFSCs on innate immune responses during early and late stages in the periodontal defect repair period.
METHODS: To trace and investigate the immunomodulation mechanisms of DFSCs in vivo, DFSCs were engineered (E-DFSCs) using lentiviral vectors expressing CD63-enhanced green fluorescent protein (CD63-EGFP) and β-Actin-mCherry protein (ACTB-mCherry) to exhibit green and red fluorescence. The biological characteristics and functions of E-DFSCs were verified by proliferation, differentiation, and co-culture experiments in vitro. In vivo, the periodontal regeneration capacity of E-DFSCs was detected by implantation of murine periodontal defect model, and the response of innate immune cells was detected at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days (early stage) and 4th week (late stage) after implantation.
RESULTS: In vitro assessments showed that E-DFSCs retain similar properties to their non-engineered counterparts but exhibit enhanced macrophage immunomodulation capability. In mice models, four-week micro-CT and histological evaluations indicated that E-DFSCs have equivalent efficiency to DFSCs in periodontal defect regeneration. At the early stage of repair in mice periodontal defect, fluorescence tracking showed that implanted E-DFSCs might primarily activate endogenous cells through direct contact and indirect actions, and most of these cells are myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils. Additionally, compared with the control group, the neutrophilic infiltration and conversion of N2-type were significantly increased in the E-DFSC group. At the late stage of defect regeneration, more M2-type macrophages, fewer TRAP + osteoclasts, and an upregulated OPG/RANKL ratio were detected in the E-DFSC group compared to the control group, which indicated that immune balance tilts towards healing and bone formation.
CONCLUSIONS: The xenogenous implanted DFSCs can induce the N2 phenotype of neutrophils in the early stage, which can activate the innate immune mechanism of the host to promote periodontal tissue regeneration.