BACKGROUND: Enamel renal syndrome is a rare genetic disorder transmitted through an autosomal recessive mode. It is featured by a hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta, delayed tooth eruption, gingival fibromatosis, and nephrocalcinosis. The aim of this study was to describe clinically, radiologically, and histologically the main features of enamel renal syndrome and to point out the role of dentists in early diagnosing this genetic disease.
METHODS: Our case of enamel renal syndrome was initially described by clinical, radiographic, and genealogic data, then complemented by ultrasound examination of the kidneys and microscopic observation of gingivae.
RESULTS: The study showed the presence of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), several teeth impaction, gingival hyperplasia, bilateral nephrocalcinosis, and multiple calcifications in pulp, gingiva, dental follicle, and kidneys.
CONCLUSIONS: The patient was followed for a full mouth rehabilitation and also referred to a nephrology for global medical checkup. The dentist plays a key role in diagnosing genetic diseases and in referring patients for medical comprehensive care.

Multiple calcifying hyperplastic dental follicles (MCHDFs) are a rare condition of calcification in the follicles of multiple impacted teeth. Radiologically, they appear as multiple pericoronal radiolucencies with radiopaque foci. This report presents a case of MCHDFs in a 22-year-old man.

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Enlarged follicles associated with multiple unerupted teeth always comprise an area of considerable interest for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The condition of multiple calcifying hyperplastic dental follicles is extremely rare and is characterized by multiple unerupted teeth with abundant calcifications and odontogenic epithelial rests in the enlarged dental follicles. We report an interesting case of multiple calcifying hyperplastic dental follicles in a 16-year-old healthy male patient.

Mandibular fractures are one of the most common maxillofacial traumatic injuries. They are also reported to be associated with highest rate of post-operative infection. In mixed dentition, management of tooth buds in line of fracture present great challenge to the surgeon. Timely management and non-invasive techniques can help in alleviating complications associated with fractures in children. Such cases should be kept on long-term follow-up for evaluation of proper growth and development. This case report documents a child having a history of previous mandibular fracture and extra-oral sinus tract associated with infected dental follicle.

\"Kissing\" molars are impacted permanent molars that have occlusal surfaces contacting each other in a single follicular space, with roots pointing in opposite directions. It is deemed to be appropriate to medically investigate mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) in patients presenting with kissing molars as kissing molars have been linked with MPS. The case of bilateral occurrence of kissing molars in an 18-year-old woman is described. Pathological analysis of the follicular tissue suggested hyperplastic dental follicles. Therefore, this case report analysed the association of impacted permanent teeth with hyperplastic dental follicles, following the review of seven documented reports describing such association.

Enamel-renal syndrome (ERS) is a rare manifestation of nephrocalcinosis that has been associated with generalized enamel hypoplasia. The purpose of this paper was to describe, for the first time, the association of enamel-renal syndrome with severe localized periodontal bone loss. A 13-year-old boy presented with: generalized hypoplastic enamel; intrapulpal calcifications; retention of primary teeth; delayed eruption of permanent teeth; enlarged dental-follicles; misshaped roots of permanent teeth; gingival overgrowth; severe localized alveolar bone loss; and severe malocclusion. His parents were first cousins, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the etiology of the oral disturbances relates to the genetic defect in the dental tissue or to the continuous metabolic distress associated with renal dysfunction. Nevertheless, since nephrocalcinosis is often asymptomatic, dentists should refer children with generalized enamel hypoplasia or/and multiple intrapulpal calcifications to nephrologists.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiological and histopathological findings of 11 patients with unerupted first molars to verify the factors obstructing spontaneous eruption.
METHODS: The patients\' clinical, radiological, and histopathological data were evaluated retrospectively to determine histopathological diagnosis, radiographic findings, methods of surgical management, and postoperative course.
RESULTS: This study involved 4 male and 7 female patients (mean age=9.5 years old). Nine cases involved the mandible. The patients\' histopathological diagnoses included 3 odontogenic tumors, 2 odontogenic cysts, and 6 hyperplastic dental follicles. Radiographically, 10 cases showed characterless enlargement of the follicular space, while only 1 displayed radiopaque bodies. One patient with a tumor underwent enucleation, and 1 with a cyst underwent cystectomy and tooth extraction. The others underwent wide excision or partial excision of the surrounding tissue at the top of the impacted tooth. Tumor relapse was observed in 3 cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons should perform aggressive treatment for patients with unerupted teeth because spontaneous eruption is rare in cases involving non-neoplastic lesions such as hyperplastic dental follicles.