毒死蜱(CPS)的长期和过度使用造成了严重的污染,特别是在农作物中,蔬菜,水果,和水源。因此,使用常规方法在各种食物和水样品中检测CPS。然而,它的应用由于尺寸而受到限制,便携性,成本,等。在这方面,由于其高灵敏度,电化学传感器是CPS检测的首选,可靠性,快速,现场检测,和用户友好。值得注意的是,基于石墨烯的电化学传感器由于其独特的物理化学和电化学性质而受到越来越多的关注。它显示出高灵敏度,选择性,和快速反应,因为它的高表面积和高导电性。在这次审查中,我们已经讨论了三种基于石墨烯的不同功能的电化学传感器的概述,如电分析传感器,生物电化学传感器,和用于检测食品和水样中CPS的光电化学传感器。此外,使用各种材料(低带隙材料,纳米材料,酶,抗体,DNA,适体,等等)和电化学技术(CV,DPV,EIS,SWV等.)进行了讨论。研究发现,电信号随着CPS浓度的增加而降低。这是由于活性位点的阻断,还原氧化还原反应,阻抗不可逆反应,等。此外,乙酰胆碱酯酶偶联传感器比其他传感器更灵敏和稳定。此外,它可以通过制造低带隙纳米材料来进一步改善。尽管他们的优势,这些传感器有明显的缺点,例如低可重用性,重复性,稳定性,和高成本。因此,需要进一步的研究来克服这些限制。
Prolonged and excessive use of chlorpyrifos (CPS) has caused severe pollution, particularly in crops, vegetables, fruits, and water sources. As a result, CPS is detected in various food and water samples using conventional methods. However, its applications are limited due to size, portability, cost, etc. In this regard, electrochemical sensors are preferred for CPS detection due to their high sensitivity, reliability, rapid, on-site detection, and user-friendly. Notably, graphene-based electrochemical sensors have gained more attention due to their unique physiochemical and electrochemical properties. It shows high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response because of its high surface area and high conductivity. In this review, we have discussed an overview of three graphene-based different functional electrochemical sensors such as electroanalytical sensors, bio-electrochemical sensors, and photoelectrochemical sensors used to detect CPS in food and water samples. Furthermore, the fabrication and operation of these electrochemical sensors using various materials (low band gap material, nanomaterials, enzymes, antibodies, DNA, aptamers, and so on) and electrochemical techniques (CV, DPV, EIS, SWV etc.) are discussed. The study found that the electrical signal was reduced with increasing CPS concentration. This is due to the blocking of active sites, reduced redox reaction, impedance, irreversible reactions, etc. In addition, acetylcholinesterase-coupled sensors are more sensitive and stable than others. Also, it can be further improved by fabricating with low band gap nanomaterials. Despite their advantages, these sensors have significant drawbacks, such as low reusability, repeatability, stability, and high cost. Therefore, further research is required to overcome such limitations.