Controlling early blight of tomatoes using endophytic bacteria is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to manage this common fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata. Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without causing harm and can help protect the host plant from pathogens. In this work, twenty endophytic bacterial isolates from tomato healthy plants were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates that caused early blight disease in vitro. Out of the 20 tested isolates, three (B4, B7, and B17) were considered effective isolates against the growth of fungal pathogens. The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing. Different concentrations of bacterial cultural diltrates at 20, 40, and 60% were tested for their antagonistic effects on the development of pathogenic fungi in vitro. The lowest dry weights of pathogenic isolates in all bacterial culture filtrates were discovered at 60%. In all culture filtrates, phenolic compounds showed the largest peak area. Under greenhouse conditions, the least disease severity of tomato early blight was found for E. cloacae and its culture filtrate compared to other treatments. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression pattern of the defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene in infected tomato plants with pathogenic fungi (control) as well as its relations with efficient biocontrol agent (E. cloacae). The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. lunata and E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. alternata, A. solani and E. cloacae. Our study concluded that the endophytic bacterial isolate E. cloacae can be considered a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blight.

Men with prediabetes often exhibit concomitant low-quality sperm production or even infertility, problems which urgently require improved therapeutic options. In this study, we have established a sheep model of diet-induced prediabetes that is associated with spermatogenic defects and have explored the possible underlying metabolic causes.
We compared male sheep fed a normal diet with those in which prediabetes was induced by a rich diet and with a third group in which the rich diet was supplemented by melatonin. Only the rich diet group had symptoms of prediabetes, and in these sheep, we found impaired spermatogenesis characterized by a block in the development of round spermatids and an increased quantity of testicular apoptotic cells. Comparing the gut microbiomes and intestinal digest metabolomes of the three groups revealed a distinctive difference in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota in prediabetic sheep, and an altered metabolome, whose most significant feature was altered sphingosine metabolism; elevated sphingosine was also found in blood and testes. Administration of melatonin alleviated the symptoms of prediabetes, including those of impaired spermatogenesis, while restoring a more normal microbiota and metabolic levels of sphingosine. Fecal microbiota transplantation from prediabetic sheep induced elevated sphingosine levels and impaired spermatogenesis in recipient mice, indicating a causal role of gut microbiota in these phenotypes.
Our results point to a key role of sphingosine in the disruption of spermatogenesis in prediabetic sheep and suggest it could be a useful disease marker; furthermore, melatonin represents a potential prebiotic agent for the treatment of male infertility caused by prediabetes.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the effects of Psidium guajava L. extracts on mice diarrhea model and changes in their intestinal microflora diversity.
METHODS: Mice diarrhea model was constructed with Folium Sennae. and The therapeutic effects of Psidium guajava L. extracts on diarrhea were evaluated by loose stools rates, diarrhea rates, diarrhea index and motor functions of intestine.
RESULTS: Our results showed that all three kinds of extracts from Psidium guajava L. had inhibitory effects on Folium Sennae -induced diarrhea model. The proportion of Bacteroidetes is lower in Group DF (diarrhea model group) compared with Group B (blank group), while abundance of Deferribacteraceae was found in Group DF. The proportion of Deferribacteraceae lowered in Group DTF (diarrhea treatment group) treated with extracts from Psidium guajava L.
CONCLUSIONS: However, mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Psidium guajava L. and the changes in intestinal microflora still await further exploration.