UNASSIGNED: Annual declines in university students\' physical health have an impact on social stability and the nation\'s long-term growth. Parenting style, which is crucial to a child\'s growth and development, may have a big influence on physical health. This study delves into the effects of different parenting styles on the physical fitness of Chinese college students under gender differences.
UNASSIGNED: Through random allocation and stratified sampling methods, this study comprehensively investigated 3,151 undergraduate students (male = 1,365; female = 1786) with an average age of 18.44 years (SD = 1.46), from a university in Jiangsu Province, China. Parenting styles of college students were evaluated by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Physical fitness tests were based on the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standards including body mass index, lung capacity, standing-long-jump, bent-leg-sit-up, seated forward bend, pull-ups, 50 m sprint, and 800/1,000 m run. Further investigations focused on the relationship between parenting styles and physical health by statistical analysis methods such as Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression.
UNASSIGNED: Significant differences were identified in gender, family members, and academic majors in most of the correlation indicators between different parenting styles and physical health among college students. Further analysis showed that the parenting styles of democratic and authoritative mothers and democratic fathers were more conducive to the promotion of physical health among female university students. The combination of a democratic fathering style and a permissive mothering style is considered an ideal parenting model for male students.
UNASSIGNED: This study confirmed that different parenting styles have a significant impact on the physical health of college students. Positive parenting styles may improve physical health, while negative ones are likely to have adverse effects, especially among female students. It is also important to notice differentiated parenting styles with respect to male and female university students. Therefore, more attention should be raised on parenting styles to enhance physical health of the student population.

BACKGROUND: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a debilitating disease characterized by involuntary tonic and clonic contractions of muscles innervated by the facial nerve. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is the first-line option and the most effective medical treatment for HFS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BTX-A therapy on the physical and mental health of HFS patients.
METHODS: Participants included 65 HFS patients and 65 matched healthy controls in the study. Cornell Medical Index (CMI) self-assessment questionnaire was used to detect the psychological health of all participants. Local injection of BTX-A was applied, and the Cohen hierarchical criteria were employed to stratify the degree of spasticity, further evaluating the efficacy of BTX-A before and two months after treatment in HFS patients. The HFS patients at two months post-treatment were re-evaluated by CMI self-assessment questionnaire, and the evaluated factors of these patients were compared with those of patients before treatment.
RESULTS: The scores of somatization, depression, anxiety, inadaptation, sensitivity, anger, tension, M-R, and total scores in the HFS group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Two months post-treatment, among 65 HFS patients who received with BTX-A treatment, 42 (64.6%) were completely relieved, 16 (24.6%) were significantly relieved, 7 (10.8%) were partially relieved, and 0 (0%) cases were invalid, and the total effective rate was 89.2%. Two months after BTX-A treatment, the scores of somatization, tension, anxiety, depression, sensitivity, M-R and total scores of patients with HFS were lower than those before treatment (all P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HFS are often accompanied by somatization, anger, inadaptation, sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and tension. BTX-A can not only alleviate the symptoms of HFS, but also improve the somatization, tension, anxiety, depression, and sensitivity.

UNASSIGNED: Experienced 3 years of pandemic-induced home life, in the post-epidemic period, preschoolers in China are falling short of the World Health Organization\'s standards for screen time and outdoor activities. This notably impacts their physical well-being. The study aims to probe the associations between screen time, outdoor activities, and the physical health of preschoolers, offering insights to shape interventions targeting myopia and obesity prevention in children.
UNASSIGNED: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province, involving a representative sample of 23,992 preschoolers and their caregivers recruited through proportional stratified cluster sampling. Data collection utilized the Chinese Early Human Capability Index (CHeHCI, eHCi), a questionnaire on children\'s media use in daily family life, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Linear regression and binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the impact of screen time and outdoor activity duration on the physical health of preschoolers.
UNASSIGNED: In the high family socioeconomic status (SES) group, children had significantly less screen time compared to those in the medium and low SES groups. Outdoor activity time varied significantly based on SES, with higher SES linked to extended outdoor engagement. Additionally, children\'s eHCi health dimension score exhibited significant SES-related differences, showcasing higher scores for children in higher SES groups. In terms of gender differences, boys dedicated significantly more time to outdoor activities than girls, yet boys had a notably higher overweight rate. Furthermore, girls demonstrated better health outcomes based on eHCi health scores. A significant association emerged between overweight and screen time in children with high SES, indicating that prolonged screen time was linked to a higher likelihood of overweight based on BMI. Additionally, a substantial negative correlation was observed between children\'s eHCi health dimension score and screen time. Furthermore, children\'s outdoor activity time exhibited a significant positive correlation with eHCi health dimension score. Regression analysis revealed that screen time could significantly negatively predict children\'s physical health score, while outdoor activity time could significantly positively predict children\'s eHCi physical health score.
UNASSIGNED: The current study highlights that family SES, age, and gender play pivotal roles in influencing preschoolers\' screen time and outdoor activity duration, with family SES being particularly influential. Higher family SES correlates with reduced screen time, increased outdoor activity, and elevated health levels among children. Importantly, children\'s screen time negatively predicts their health status, while outdoor time positively predicts their health status.

This study conducts an empirical retrospective examination of the effect of COVID-19 protocols on Health workers\' quality of life during the pandemic. Data from a survey respondent of 330 health workers were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Results indicated COVID-19 protocols specifically hand hygiene, personal protective equipments, and physical distancing had a significant effect on the quality of life of health workers during the COVID-19 era. However, the results did not follow the expected literature trend. Analysis indicated a direct significant positive relationship between hand hygiene and quality of life and also highlighted a negative relationship between physical distancing and protective equipments and quality of life. Detailed analysis in an attempt to explain this development highlighted the significant role physical and mental health play in the relationship between COVID-19 safety protocols and quality of life. The findings of the study suggest implications and suggestions for future research.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) significantly affects social and motor skills development in early, middle or even late childhood. To promote social and motor skills development among autistic children, an intervention consisting of Taekwondo and elements of music therapy was designed and implemented in Hong Kong. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effectiveness of this training, based on parents\' observations of their children who had completed the key stage of the training. Thirteen parents or caregivers (n = 13) whose children with autism participated in our Taekwondo training for two months were interviewed. Three major themes were identified by thematic analysis: (A) social skills-related change after the intervention, (B) motor skills-related change after the intervention, (C) characteristics of the intervention (i.e., session arrangement, tutor/coach attitude). Our findings show that our training was perceived by parents to have a significant impact on the promotion of physical ability and social communication in autistic children.

Currently, an increasing number of Chinese urban citizens are participating in daily physical exercise. Existing research has shown that physical exercise can increase life satisfaction. However, some studies also suggest that the relationship between the two is unstable. The purposes of this study are to examine physical exercise and to test its correlation with life satisfaction of urban residents in China. Data are obtained from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies, and we focus on urban residents. Our overall sample size is 7423 people, including 3641 females (49.05%) and 3782 males (50.95%), with an average age of 49.55 years old. Because the dependent variables are continuous variables, the multiple linear regression model is used for data analysis. We find that the life satisfaction of Chinese urban residents is on the high side. Our core discovery is that there is a significant positive relationship between the frequency and duration of physical exercise and life satisfaction. Our further discovery is that the frequency of physical exercise affects life satisfaction by influencing popularity and positive emotions. Similarly, the duration of physical exercise affects life satisfaction by influencing popularity and positive emotions. Whether it is the frequency or the duration of physical exercise, it can reflect the residents\' attention to physical exercise. Physical exercise habits not only promote physical health by strengthening physical fitness but also promote mental health by alleviating depression and promote social communication by increasing social activities in the Chinese context. All of these can improve people\'s life satisfaction. Our research suggests that the improvement in life satisfaction not only needs the abundance of external material conditions but also needs the individual to improve their physical and mental health through physical exercise.

UNASSIGNED: Under the system of health decentralization, there are differences in the level of expenditure decentralization at different levels of government, and their impact on residents\' health may also be different. This paper is one of the first to evaluate the effect of decentralization of health services at the municipal level from a multi-dimensional health perspective.
UNASSIGNED: This paper uses the data of expenditure decentralization of health services at the municipal level to match the panel data from the China Household Panel Survey (CFPS) from 2010 to 2018, and uses the logit model, ordered logit model and two-way fixed effects model to empirically analyze the impact of health decentralization at the municipal level on health outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: Based on the perspective of multi-dimensional health, from the three aspects of physical health, depression status and cognitive ability, the six sub-indicators of self-rated health, BMI standards, depression scores (summation method), depression scores (factor method), phrase test scores and mathematics test scores are discussed separately. The results show that the decentralization of health services at the municipal level has a significant promotion effect on the multi-dimensional health of residents.
UNASSIGNED: The decentralization of health services at the municipal level has important theoretical significance for promoting the reasonable division of medical and health powers and expenditure responsibilities between provincial and municipal governments, improving the efficiency of health expenditure funds, and establishing a fiscal system that matches financial resources.

Although outdoor air pollution has been associated with adverse health outcomes and decreased subjective welfare, there has been a lack of research investigating the potential risks associated with indoor unclean cooking energy usage from the perspective of subjective wellbeing. This paper systematically assesses the risks of unclean cooking fuel usage from the novel perspective of subjective welfare and examines the mediating role of perceived physical and mental health applying a large-scale nationally representative dataset. Analytical results demonstrate that the usage of unclean cooking energy has significantly negative impacts on subjective wellbeing, and this finding has been confirmed through various robustness tests. The mechanism behind this impact is that unclean cooking fuel usage reduces people\'s perceived physical and mental health status, which in turn decreases their subjective wellness. Furthermore, the negative consequences of using unclean cooking energy on subjective wellbeing are particularly pronounced among certain demographic groups, including older, lower educated, married individuals as well as those with lower economic status, uncovered by medical insurance and having less social capital. Findings of this study highlight the risks linked to unclean cooking energy usage, as evidenced in the negative impact on perceived health and subjective wellbeing. In light of the increasing focus on improving indoor environment as well as enhancing people\'s health and wellbeing, results of this paper emphasize the significance of promoting access to cleaner and healthier energy.

UNASSIGNED: With the continuous improvement in economic levels in various countries and the rapid development of the Internet, adolescents\' Internet use has become increasingly frequent. Many studies have explored the relationship between Internet use and adolescent health, but the possible mechanisms involved are unclear, and few have focused on Chinese adolescents.
UNASSIGNED: Based on the data from the China Family Panel Studies 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020, this study used the ordered probit model and OLS model to explore the impact of Internet use on self-rated health and mental health of Chinese adolescents and analyzed the possible mechanisms and heterogeneity involved.
UNASSIGNED: The results revealed that adolescents\' Internet use negatively affected their physical and mental health. Parent-child conflict, academic performance, and self-efficacy were the important mechanisms of internet use affecting adolescents\' health. Moreover, the negative effects of Internet use on adolescents\' physical and mental health were heterogeneous in boarding, mother\'s education level, and family per capita income.
UNASSIGNED: Adolescents exhibit a pattern of using the internet that influences their health status. Our finding that internet use may decrease adolescents\' health provides important insights into understanding the relationship between internet use behavior and adolescents\' health and suggests that intervention should be taken on adolescents\' internet use.

UNASSIGNED: Currently, China is steadily pursuing high-quality development and promoting common prosperity, for which residents\' health is a precondition. However, high housing-price-to-income ratios and rent-to-income ratios have already triggered many social problems and have substantially affected people\'s work and life. It is of practical significance to examine the relationship between housing burden and residents\' health.
UNASSIGNED: Combining city-level housing price-to-income ratio data and residents\' health data from the China Family Panel Studies, this study employs a binary logit model to investigate the impact and mechanism of housing burden on residents\' physical and psychological health.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, a 1% increase in the housing-price-to-income ratio leads to a 1.2% decrease in physical health and a 1.9% decrease in psychological health. In terms of different psychological state indicators, a 1% increase in the housing price-to-income ratio leads to a 1.1% increase in depression, 1.1% increase in nervousness, 1.4% increase in relentlessness, 1.4% increase in hopelessness, 1.0% increase in a sense of incapability, and 1.4% increase in meaninglessness. According to mechanistic analyses, a 1% increase in the housing-price-to-income ratio leads to increases of 0.6 and 0.7% in the smoking rate and late sleep rate, respectively, while it leads to a 0.9% decrease in the noon nap rate.
UNASSIGNED: A growing housing burden significantly negatively impacts both the physical and psychological health of residents and increases the possibility of negative emotions. Further investigation revealed that the housing burden damages residents\' health by increasing their likelihood of smoking and sleeping late and decreasing their likelihood of taking a nap at noon, while exercise alleviates the negative impacts of the housing burden on residents\' physical and psychological health. Finally, we also find that housing burdens\' impacts on physical and psychological health differ significantly in terms of gender, age, and educational attainment. From the perspective of improving livelihoods, governments should consider the relationship between housing burdens and residents\' health when formulating livelihood policies. Location-specific and targeted policies should be followed. Additionally, efforts should be made to promote exercise among citizens.