Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare pathological entity first described in 1939. This lesion is most commonly found in the lungs, but cases involving other systems, such as the central nervous system known as intracranial IMT (IIMT), have also been reported. Diagnosis currently relies on pathological results due to the lack of characteristic imaging changes. Surgical resection is an effective treatment, though the disease is invasive and may recur. Previous literature has reported a high level of programmed death 1 (PD-1) expression in IMT tissues, suggesting that immunotherapy may be effective for this condition. In this case report, we present a middle-aged male who received PD-1 inhibitor and oncolytic adenovirus (Ad-TD-nsIL12) treatment after IIMT resection surgery. This successful approach provides a new direction for the treatment of IIMT.

Reovirus (Reo) has shown promising potential in specifically killing tumor cells, and offering new possibilities for ovarian cancer (OC) treatment. However, neutralizing antibodies in the ascites from OC patients greatly limit the further application of Reo. In this study, we employed cationic liposomes (Lipo) to deliver Reo, significantly enhancing its ability to enter OC cells and its effectiveness in killing these cells under ascitic conditions. Pre-treatment with the MβCD inhibitor notably decreased Reo-mediated tumor cell death, indicating that Lipo primarily enables Reo\'s cellular uptake through caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Our results demonstrate that Lipo effectively facilitates the entry of Reo into the cytoplasm and triggers cell apoptosis. The above findings provide a new strategy to overcome the obstacle of neutralizing antibodies in the clinical application of Reo.

Oncolytic virotherapy is expected to provide a new treatment strategy for cancer. Aphrocallistes vastus lectin (AVL) is a Ca2+-dependent lectin receptor containing the conserved domain of C-type lectin and the hydrophobic N-terminal region, which can bind to the bird\'s nest glycoprotein and D-galactose. Our previous studies suggested that the oncolytic vaccinia virus (oncoVV) armed with the AVL gene exerted remarkable replication and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found that oncoVV-AVL may reprogram the metabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to promote ROS, and elevated ROS subsequently promoted viral replication and induced apoptosis. This study will provide a new theoretical basis for the application of oncoVV-AVL in liver cancer.

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In addition to chemotherapy, oncolytic viruses are an efficient treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Like other oncolytic viruses, the anti-tumor efficacy of reovirus when administered intravenously is reduced due to the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we evaluated the role of exosomes in human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) to deliver reovirus to AML cells. We show that UC-MSCs loaded with reovirus can deliver reovirus to tumor cells without cellular contact. We further demonstrate that the exosome inhibitor, GW4869, inhibits the release of exosomes as well as inhibited the transfer of reovirus from UC-MSCs to tumor cells. Mechanistically, we show that exosomes derived from reovirus-infected UC-MSCs (MSCREO-EXOs) have a tumor lysis effect and transmit reovirus to tumor cells mainly through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and macropinocytosis. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of using MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) as a reovirus carrier to exert an anti-tumor effect on AML cells. Collectively, our data indicate that UC-MSCs transfer reovirus to AML cells via exosome release and prompt further study of MSC-EXOs as a potential reovirus carrier to treat AML.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a refractory tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality. Many oncolytic viruses are currently being investigated for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on previous studies, we constructed a recombinant GM-CSF-carrying Sindbis virus, named SINV-GM-CSF, which contains a mutation (G to S) at amino acid 285 in the nsp1 protein of the viral vector. The potential of this mutated vector for liver cancer therapy was verified at the cellular level and in vivo, respectively, and the changes in the tumor microenvironment after treatment were also described. The results showed that the Sindbis virus could effectively infect hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and induce cell death. Furthermore, the addition of GM-CSF enhanced the tumor-killing effect of the Sindbis virus and increased the number of immune cells in the intra-tumor microenvironment during the treatment. In particular, SINV-GM-CSF was able to efficiently kill tumors in a mouse tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the elevation of M1-type macrophages (which have a tumor-resistant ability) and the decrease in M2-type macrophages (which have a tumor-promoting capacity). Overall, SINV-GM-CSF is an attractive vector platform with clinical potential for use as a safe and effective oncolytic virus.

In accordance with the World Health Organization data, cancer remains at the forefront of fatal diseases. An upward trend in cancer incidence and mortality has been observed globally, emphasizing that efforts in developing detection and treatment methods should continue. The diagnostic path typically begins with learning the medical history of a patient; this is followed by basic blood tests and imaging tests to indicate where cancer may be located to schedule a needle biopsy. Prompt initiation of diagnosis is crucial since delayed cancer detection entails higher costs of treatment and hospitalization. Thus, there is a need for novel cancer detection methods such as liquid biopsy, elastography, synthetic biosensors, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance confocal microscopy. Conventional therapeutic methods, although still common in clinical practice, pose many limitations and are unsatisfactory. Nowadays, there is a dynamic advancement of clinical research and the development of more precise and effective methods such as oncolytic virotherapy, exosome-based therapy, nanotechnology, dendritic cells, chimeric antigen receptors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, natural product-based therapy, tumor-treating fields, and photodynamic therapy. The present paper compares available data on conventional and modern methods of cancer detection and therapy to facilitate an understanding of this rapidly advancing field and its future directions. As evidenced, modern methods are not without drawbacks; there is still a need to develop new detection strategies and therapeutic approaches to improve sensitivity, specificity, safety, and efficacy. Nevertheless, an appropriate route has been taken, as confirmed by the approval of some modern methods by the Food and Drug Administration.

Recent studies have indicated that combining oncolytic viruses with CAR-T cells in therapy has shown superior anti-tumor effects, representing a promising approach. Nonetheless, the localized delivery method of intratumoral injection poses challenges for treating metastatic tumors or distal tumors that are difficult to reach. To address this obstacle, we employed HSV-1-infected CAR-T cells, which systemically delivery HSV into solid tumors. The biological function of CAR-T cells remained intact after loading them with HSV for a period of three days. In both immunocompromised and immunocompetent GBM orthotopic mouse models, B7-H3 CAR-T cells effectively delivered HSV to tumor lesions, resulting in enhanced T-cell infiltration and significantly prolonged survival in mice. We also employed a bilateral subcutaneous tumor model and observed that the group receiving intratumoral virus injection exhibited a significant reduction in tumor volume on the injected side, while the group receiving intravenous infusion of CAR-T cells carrying HSV displayed suppressed tumor growth on both sides. Hence, CAR-THSV cells offer notable advantages in the systemic delivery of HSV to distant tumors. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the potential of CAR-T cells as carriers for HSV, presenting significant advantages for oncolytic virotherapy targeting distant tumors.

The therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses (OAs) relies on efficient viral transduction and replication. However, the limited expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptors in many tumors, along with the intracellular antiviral signaling, poses significant obstacles to OA infection and oncolysis. Here, we present sonosensitizer-armed OAs (saOAs) that potentiate the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy through sonodynamic therapy-augmented virus replication. The saOAs could not only efficiently infect tumor cells via transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis but also exhibit enhanced viral replication and tumor oncolysis under ultrasound irradiation. We revealed that the sonosensitizer loaded on the viruses induced the generation of ROS within tumor cells, which triggered JNK-mediated autophagy, ultimately leading to the enhanced viral replication. In mouse models of malignant melanoma, the combination of saOAs and sonodynamic therapy elicited a robust antitumor immune response, resulting in significant inhibition of melanoma growth and improved host survival. This work highlights the potential of sonodynamic therapy in enhancing the effectiveness of OAs and provides a promising platform for fully exploiting the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian pathogen with an unsegmented negative-strand RNA genome that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. While primarily pathogenic in birds, NDV presents no threat to human health, rendering it a safe candidate for various biomedical applications. Extensive research has highlighted the potential of NDV as a vector for vaccine development and gene therapy, owing to its transcriptional modularity, low recombination rate, and lack of a DNA phase during replication. Furthermore, NDV exhibits oncolytic capabilities, efficiently eliciting antitumor immune responses, thereby positioning it as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the biological characteristics of NDV, elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying its oncolytic properties, and discusses its applications in the fields of vaccine vector development and tumor therapy.