微塑料(MPs)和纳米塑料(NPs)是全球公认的各种环境介质中的新兴环境污染物,对生态系统和人类健康构成潜在威胁。国会议员/NP不可避免地被人类摄入,主要是受污染的食物和饮料,损害胃肠道生态,严重影响人体。肠道菌群在MP/NP暴露后在胃肠道中的具体作用仍然未知。鉴于肠道菌群在新陈代谢中的重要性,豁免权,和稳态,这篇综述旨在增强我们目前对肠道菌群在MP/NP诱导的毒性中的作用的理解.首先,它讨论了人类通过饮食暴露于MP/NP和MP/NP对呼吸系统的不利影响,消化性,神经,泌尿,生殖,和免疫系统。第二,它阐明了肠道微生物群与MPs/NPs之间的复杂相互作用。MPs/NPs可以破坏肠道微生物群的稳态,而肠道微生物群可以降解MPs/NPs。第三,它揭示了肠道菌群在MP/NP介导的系统毒性中的作用。MPs/NPs通过调节肠脑在其他器官中引起直接肠毒性和间接毒性,肠肝,和肠-肺轴。最后,新的方法,如饮食干预,益生元,益生菌,多酚,工程细菌,微藻,和微型/纳米机器人被推荐用于减少人类的MP/NP毒性。总的来说,本综述为靶向肠道菌群研究MP/NP毒性并制定新的缓解策略提供了理论依据。
Microplastics (MPs) and
nanoplastics (NPs) are globally recognized as emerging environmental pollutants in various environmental media, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. MPs/NPs are unavoidably ingested by humans, mainly through contaminated food and drinks, impairing the gastrointestinal ecology and seriously impacting the human body. The specific role of gut microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract upon MP/NP exposure remains unknown. Given the importance of gut microbiota in metabolism, immunity, and homeostasis, this review aims to enhance our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in MP/NP-induced toxicity. First, it discusses human exposure to MPs/NPs through the diet and MP/NP-induced adverse effects on the respiratory, digestive, neural, urinary, reproductive, and immune systems. Second, it elucidates the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and MPs/NPs. MPs/NPs can disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis, while the gut microbiota can degrade MPs/NPs. Third, it reveals the role of the gut microbiota in MP/NP-mediated systematic toxicity. MPs/NPs cause direct intestinal toxicity and indirect toxicity in other organs via regulating the gut-brain, gut-liver, and gut-lung axes. Finally, novel approaches such as dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, polyphenols, engineered bacteria, microalgae, and micro/nanorobots are recommended to reduce MP/NP toxicity in humans. Overall, this review provides a theoretical basis for targeting the gut microbiota to study MP/NP toxicity and develop novel strategies for its mitigation.