BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate dental student\'s perception of facial attractiveness with regard to different combinations of anteroposterior malar-jaw positions using 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstructed images of subjects.
METHODS: Two Chinese young adults (1 male and 1 female) with straight profiles and average malar projections were selected for the study. 3-D facial images and cone-beam computed tomography images of these two subjects were superimposed using 3-D imaging software. Lateral and oblique views of nine different images were created by moving the maxillomandibular complex and/or zygomatic bone by 4 mm either forward or backward along the sagittal plane. One hundred three undergraduate dental students (n = 24, 33, and 46 students from the Year 3, 4, and 5, respectively) then scored lateral and 45° oblique view images of the newly reconstructed faces.
RESULTS: In the present study, images with a neutral malar and retruded jaws were found to be the most attractive in both male and female subjects. In addition, the Protruded malar (PM) group (p < 0.001), and the Retruded Jaws (RJ) group were rated more attractive (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the Relatively Prominent malar (RP) group was rated more attractive (p < 0.001) when malar-jaw relative positions were compared.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a neutral or a protruded malar favours facial attractiveness in both Chinese male and female subjects. Therefore, an appropriate relationship between malar projection and lower facial convexity should be taken into consideration while designing the orthodontic/orthognathic treatment plans for enhanced aesthetic outcomes.

Bisphosphonates (BPs), as potent drugs inhibiting bone resorption, have been widely used for treatment of several diseases. In recent years, dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons reported continuously increasing cases of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). This disease is clinically characterized by exposed bones, formation of sequestrum, pain, and halitosis. Provided that pathogenesis of BRONJ is unclear, effective treatments for this disease are currently unavailable. Thus, prevention plays an important role in the management of BRONJ. This review summarizes research progress on pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prevention of this condition.
双膦酸盐类（BPs）药物是一种强有力的骨吸收抑制剂，已广泛应用于临床治疗中。近年来，有关双膦酸盐相关性骨坏死（BRONJ）的报道日渐增多，该病临床上以骨面裸露、死骨形成、疼痛、口臭等为特征。由于目前发病机理不明确，临床上尚无完全有效的治疗方法，因此BRONJ的预防十分重要。本文就BRONJ的发病机制、危险因素、临床特征、治疗预后等方面的研究现状进行阐述，以期为临床提供帮助。.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to analyze patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ).
METHODS: Twelve patients treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Me-dical School, Zhejiang University from May 2013 to September 2015 were included. Patients\' basic situation, medication, clinical symptoms, therapies, and effects were obtained and analyzed.
RESULTS: The treatment of nine patients focused on the mandible, whereas that of three patients was on the maxilla. The clinical symptoms appeared from 10 to 80 months, with an average of about (28.00±21.42) months. Nine patients had tooth extraction history. After operation (nine patients), eight were treated, one had stable in bone exposure and three patients received conservative treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous infusion of bisphosphonates can induce BRONJ. The mandible is commonly involved and tooth extraction is a big inducement. Treatments nowadays seek to relieve clinical symptoms, but prevention is more important.
目的 研究药物性颌骨骨髓炎的临床特点。方法 分析2013年5月—2015年9月浙江大学附属第一医院口腔颌面外科收治的12例二膦酸盐相关性颌骨骨坏死患者的基本情况、长期用药史、出现颌骨骨髓炎时间、症状、诊治经过及疗效。结果 9例患者为下颌骨骨髓炎，3例患者为上颌骨骨髓炎。10例患者用药时间10~80个月不等，平均用药（28.00±21.42）个月。手术治疗9例，保守治疗3例：经手术治疗后创面愈合8例，骨暴露处于稳定状态1例；保守治疗患者目前定期换药。结论 静脉注射二膦酸盐类药物可导致药物性颌骨骨髓炎，下颌骨较多见，拔牙为一大诱因。目前的治疗手段多以缓解疼痛和提高生活治疗为目的，故该疾病的预防尤为重要。.