Objective: To investigate the role of an inflammatory microenvironment induced by Porphyromonasgingivalis (P. gingivalis) in the occurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in mice. Methods: A total of 180 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e. control group, P. gingivalis group, 4NQO group, 4NQO + P. gingivalis group, 4NQO + P. gingivalis + celecoxib group, and 4NQO + P. gingivalis + antibiotic cocktail (ABC, including metronidazole, neomycin, ampicillin, and vancomycin) group, with 30 mice in each group, using the random number table. All mice were normalized by treatment with ABC in drinking water for 2 weeks. In the following 2 weeks, the mice in the control group and the P. gingivalis group were given drinking water, while the other 4 groups were treated with 30 μg/ml 4NQO in the drinking water. In weeks 11-12, the mice in the P. gingivalis group, the 4NQO + P. gingivalis group, the 4NQO + P. gingivalis + celecoxib group, and the 4NQO + P. gingivalis + ABC group were subjected to ligation of the second molar in oral cavity followed by oral P. gingivalis infection thrice weekly for 24 weeks in weeks 11-34. In weeks 13-34, the mice in 4NQO + P. gingivalis+celecoxib group and 4NQO + P. gingivalis + ABC group were administered with celecoxib and ABC for 22 weeks, respectively. At the end of 34 weeks, gross and microscopic alterations were examined followed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry to examine the expression profiles of inflammatory- and tumor-molecules in esophagi of mice. Results: At 34 weeks, 4NQO treatment alone did not affect the foci of papillary hyperproliferation, diseased area, and the thickness of the esophageal wall, but significantly enhanced the foci of hyperproliferation (median 1.00, P＜0.05) and mild/moderate dysplasia (median 2.00, P＜0.01). In addition, the expression levels of IL-6 [8.35(3.45,8.99)], IL-1β [6.90(2.01,9.72)], TNF-α [12.04(3.31,14.08)], c-myc [2.21(1.80,3.04)], pSTAT3, Ki-67, and pH2AX were higher than those in the control group. The pathological changes of the esophageal mucosa were significantly more overt in the 4NQO + P. gingivalis group in terms of the foci of papillary hyperproliferation (median 2.00), diseased area (median 2.51 mm2), the thickness of the esophageal wall (median 172.52 μm), the foci of hyperproliferation (median 1.00, P＜0.05), and mild/moderate dysplasia (median 1.00, P＜0.01). In mice of the 4NQO + P. gingivalis group, the expression levels of IL-6 [12.27(5.35,22.08)], IL-1β [13.89(10.04,15.96)], TNF-α [19.56(6.07,20.36)], IFN-γ [11.37(8.23,20.07)], c-myc [2.62(1.51,4.25)], cyclin D1 [4.52(2.68,7.83)], nuclear pSTAT3, COX-2, Ki-67, and pH2AX were significantly increased compared with the mice in the control group. In mice of the 4NQO + P. gingivalis group, the diseased area, invasive malignant foci as well as pSTAT3 and pH2AX expression were significantly blunted by celecoxib. Treatment with ABC markedly reduced the papillary hyperproliferative foci, invasive malignant foci, and pSTAT3 expression but not pH2AX. Conclusions: P. gingivalis promotes the occurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in mice by inducing an inflammatory microenvironment primed with 4NQO induced DNA damage. Clearance of P. gingivalis with ABC or anti-inflammatory intervention holds promise for prevention of esophageal squamous cell malignant pathogenesis via blockage of IL-6/STAT3 signaling and amelioration of inflammation.
目的： 探讨牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱发食管炎症微环境在小鼠食管鳞状细胞癌发生过程中的作用。 方法： 采用数字表法随机将180只C57BL/6小鼠分为对照组、牙龈卟啉单胞菌组、4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物（4NQO）组、4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌组、4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+塞来昔布组和4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+抗生素（甲硝唑、新霉素、氨苄青霉素和万古霉素，ABC）组，每组30只。给予ABC饮水2周，之后8周，对照组和牙龈卟啉单胞菌组小鼠饮用纯水，其余4组给予含30 μg/ml 4NQO的饮水。第11～12周，牙龈卟啉单胞菌组、4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌组、4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+塞来昔布组和4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+ABC组小鼠行上颌第2磨牙结扎；第11～34周，每周3次口腔感染牙龈卟啉单胞菌。第13～34周，4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+塞来昔布组和4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+ABC组小鼠分别接受塞来昔布和ABC处理。34周后处死小鼠，观察小鼠食管黏膜大体和形态学变化，采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）和免疫组化检测小鼠食管组织中炎症和肿瘤相关分子表达。 结果： 34周时，4NQO单独处理未能显著增加小鼠食管黏膜乳头状增生病灶数、病变面积和食管壁厚度，单纯性增生病灶数（中位数为1.00个，P＜0.05）和轻、中度不典型增生病灶数（中位数为2.00个，P＜0.01）显著增加，小鼠食管组织中白细胞介素6（IL-6）、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、c-myc mRNA的表达量［分别为8.35（3.45，8.99）、6.90（2.01，9.72）、12.04（3.31，14.08）、2.21（1.80，3.04），均P＜0.05］和磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子3（pSTAT3）、Ki-67、磷酸化组蛋白2A变异体（pH2AX）蛋白的表达明显高于对照组。4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌组小鼠食管黏膜病变显著，乳头状增生病灶数（中位数为2.00个）、病变面积（中位数为2.51 mm2）和食管壁厚度（中位数为172.52 μm）最大，且均与对照组差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.01），单纯性增生病灶数（中位数为1.00个，P＜0.05）和轻、中度不典型增生病灶数（中位数为1.00个，P＜0.01）显著增加，小鼠食管组织中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）、c-myc、cyclin D1 mRNA的表达量［分别为12.27（5.35，22.08）、13.89（10.04，15.96）、19.56（6.07，20.36）、11.37（8.23，20.07）、2.62（1.51，4.25）和4.52（2.68，7.83），P＜0.05或P＜0.01］和pSTAT3、环氧合酶2（COX-2）、Ki-67、pH2AX蛋白的表达均高于对照组。塞来昔布干预明显减少了4NQO联合牙龈卟啉单胞菌引起的黏膜病变面积（4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+塞来昔布组中位数为1.84 mm2，P＜0.05）和浸润癌病灶数（4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+塞来昔布组中位数为0.00个，P＜0.01），降低了pSTAT3和pH2AX的表达。ABC干预明显减少了4NQO联合牙龈卟啉单胞菌所诱导的乳头状增生病灶数（4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+ABC组中位数为1.00个，P＜0.05）和浸润癌病灶数（4NQO+牙龈卟啉单胞菌+ABC组中位数为0.00个，P＜0.01），降低了pSTAT3的表达，但对pH2AX的表达无明显影响。 结论： 在4NQO诱导的基因组损伤基础上，牙龈卟啉单胞菌能通过诱发炎症微环境促进食管鳞状细胞癌的发生，使用COX-2抑制剂或ABC可以通过阻断IL-6/STAT3信号通路，减轻食管组织的炎症反应，抑制食管鳞状细胞癌的发生。.

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor is the third most common primary intracranial tumor. Its main clinical manifestations include abnormal hormone secretion symptoms, symptoms caused by tumor compression of the surrounding pituitary tissue, pituitary stroke, and other anterior pituitary dysfunction. Its pathogenesis is yet to be fully understood. Surgical treatment is still the main treatment. Despite complete resection, 10%-20% of tumors may recur. While dopamine agonists are effective in over 90% of prolactinomas, prolonged use and individual variations can lead to increased drug resistance and a gradual decline in efficacy, which ultimately requires surgical intervention. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the production of inflammatory mediator prostaglandins by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and exert antipyretic, analgesic, antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatory effects. In recent years, many in-depth studies have confirmed the potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a preventive and antitumor agent. It has been extensively utilized in the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer. However, their specific mechanisms of action still need to be fully elucidated. This article summarizes recent research progress on the expression of cyclooxygenase in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and the treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It provides a feasible theoretical basis for further research on pituitary neuroendocrine tumors and explores potential therapeutic targets.

BACKGROUND: Septic cardiomyopathy is a component of multiple organ dysfunction in sepsis. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in septic cardiomyopathy. Studies have shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) had a protective effect on the heart, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the downstream product of COX-2, was increasingly recognized to have a protective effect on mitochondrial function.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to demonstrate that COX-2/PGE2 can protect against septic cardiomyopathy by regulating mitochondrial function.
METHODS: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to establish a mouse model of sepsis and RAW264.7 macrophages and H9C2 cells were used to simulate sepsis in vitro. The NS-398 and celecoxib were used to inhibit the activity of COX-2. ZLN005 and SR18292 were used to activate or inhibit the PGC-1α activity. The mitochondrial biogenesis was examined through the Mitotracker Red probe, mtDNA copy number, and ATP content detection.
RESULTS: The experimental data suggested that COX-2 inhibition attenuated PGC-1α expression thus decreasing mitochondrial biogenesis, whereas increased PGE2 could promote mitochondrial biogenesis by activating PGC-1α. The results also showed that the effect of COX-2/PGE2 on PGC-1α was mediated by the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB). Finally, the effect of COX-2/PGE2 on the heart was also verified in the septic mice.
CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these results suggested that COX-2/PGE2 pathway played a cardioprotective role in septic cardiomyopathy through improving mitochondrial biogenesis, which has changed the previous understanding that COX-2/PGE2 only acted as an inflammatory factor.

UNASSIGNED: Oral drug administration is the most common and convenient route, offering good patient compliance but drug solubility limits oral applications. Celecoxib, an insoluble drug, requires continuous high-dose oral administration, which may increase cardiovascular risk. The nanostructured lipid carriers prepared from drugs and lipid excipients can effectively improve drug bioavailability, reduce drug dosage, and lower the risk of adverse reactions.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, we prepared hyaluronic acid-modified celecoxib nanostructured lipid carriers (HA-NLCs) to improve the bioavailability of celecoxib and reduce or prevent adverse drug reactions. Meanwhile, we successfully constructed a set of FDA-compliant biological sample test methods to investigate the pharmacokinetics of HA-NLCs in rats.
UNASSIGNED: The pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that HA-NLCs significantly enhanced drug absorption, resulting in an AUC0-t 1.54 times higher than the reference formulation (Celebrex®). Moreover, compared with unmodified nanostructured lipid carriers (CXB-NLCs), HA-NLCs enhance the retention time and improve the drug\'s half-life in vivo.
UNASSIGNED: HA-NLCs significantly increased the bioavailability of celecoxib. The addition of hyaluronic acid prolonged the drug\'s in vivo duration of action and reduced the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects associated with the frequent administration of oral celecoxib.

UNASSIGNED: Knee osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease where a single treatment method often fails to fully alleviate symptoms. Hence, finding effective non-invasive combined treatment approaches is particularly crucial.
UNASSIGNED: The efficacy of treating knee osteoarthritis with hip abductors exercise training combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was assessed through functional scales and objective evaluation methods.
UNASSIGNED: In this four-week randomized clinical trial, 160 patients meeting inclusion criteria were randomly assigned 1:1 to group A to receive oral celecoxib and group B to receive a combination of hip abductors exercise training and repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation. The primary outcome was the western Ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis index. The secondary outcomes include Visual Analogue Scale, knee outcome survey activities of daily living scale, Active Range of Motion, and the Quadriceps Angle, the tibiofemoral angle, peak adductor moment, the integrated electromyography and root mean square of the surface electromyography of the lower extremity muscles. Paired sample t test was used for Within-Group comparison of outcome indicators, and independent sample t test was used for Between-Group comparison.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 160 randomly assigned patients, 150 completed the study. After 4 weeks, the WOMAC index decreased from 61 ± 10.83 to 40.55 ± 7.58 in the combined treatment group and from 60.97 ± 10.18 to 47.7 ± 10.13 in the celecoxib group. The effect of the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that in the celecoxib group (P< 0.001). In the combined treatment group, the score of knee joint daily living scale increased (P< 0.001), the active range of motion increased (P< 0.001), the quadriceps angle decreased (P< 0.001), the tibiofemoral angle increased (P< 0.001), and the peak adduction moment decreased (P< 0.001), integrated electromyography and root mean square increased (P< 0.001), and the effect was better than that of celecoxib group (P< 0.001). The visual analog scale score in celecoxib group was lower (P< 0.001) and knee outcome survey activities of daily living scale was higher (P< 0.001). The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was 10% in the celecoxib group and 2.5% in the combined treatment group, all of which were mild.
UNASSIGNED: Hip abductors exercise training combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can enhance abduction muscle strength, improve mobility, reduce joint pain, and enhance quality of life. This combined approach shows superior clinical effectiveness compared to oral celecoxib.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and fatal cancer, and its molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms and immune infiltration characteristics of celecoxib combined with sorafenib in the treatment of HCC by analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the GSE45340 dataset in the GEO database and identifying key genes.
METHODS: The GSE45340 dataset was downloaded from the GEO database, and DEGs were screened using GEO2R, and visualization and statistical analysis were performed. Metascape was used to perform functional annotation and protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEGs. The immune infiltration was analyzed using the TIMER database, and the expression of key genes and their relationship with patient survival were analyzed and verified using the UALCAN database.
RESULTS: A total of 2181 DEGs were screened through GEO2R analysis, and heat maps were drawn for the 50 genes with the highest expression. Metascape was used for enrichment analysis, and the enrichment results of KEGG and GO and the PPI network were obtained, and 44 core genes were screened. Analysis of the TIMER database found that 12 genes were closely related to tumor immune infiltration. UALCAN analysis further verified the differential expression of these genes in HCC and was closely related to the overall survival of patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, this study identified a group of key genes related to the treatment of HCC with celecoxib combined with sorafenib. These genes play an important role in tumor immune infiltration and patient survival, providing important clues for further studying the molecular mechanism of HCC and developing potential therapeutic targets.

The influence of different preparation methods on the physicochemical properties of amorphous solid forms have gained considerable attention, especially with recent publications on pharmaceutical polyamorphism. In the present study, we have investigated the possible occurrence of polyamorphism in the drug celecoxib (CEL) by investigating the thermal behavior, morphology, structure, molecular mobility and physical stability of amorphous CEL obtained by quench-cooling (QC), ball milling (BM) and spray drying (SD). Similar glass transition temperatures but different recrystallization behaviors were observed for CEL-QC, CEL-BM and CEL-SD using modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis. A correlation between the different recrystallization behaviors of the three CEL amorphous forms and the respective distinct powder morphologies, was also found. Molecular dynamics simulations however, reveal that CEL presents similar molecular conformational distributions when subjected to QC and SD. Moreover, the obtained molecular conformational distributions of CEL are different from the ones found in its crystal structure and also from the ones found in the lowest-energy structure obtained by quantum mechanical calculations. The type and strength of CEL hydrogen bond interactions found in CEL-QC and CEL-SD systems are almost identical, though different from the ones presented in the crystal structure. Pair distribution function analyses and isothermal microcalorimetry show similar local structures and structural relaxation times, respectively, for CEL-QC, CEL-BM and CEL-SD. The present work shows that not only similar physicochemical properties (glass transition temperature, and structural relaxation time), but also similar molecular conformational distributions were observed for all prepared CEL amorphous systems. Hence, despite their different recrystallization behaviors, the three amorphous forms of CEL did not show any signs of polyamorphism.

BACKGROUND: Fu\'s subcutaneous needling (FSN) is a new type of acupuncture that uses subcutaneous tissue to oscillate from side to side to improve muscle pathology status and can be effective in treating Knee osteoarthritis. Nonetheless, whether the clinical effect is similar to that of most commonly used drugs is unclear. Thus, this study aims to determine the pain-relieving effect and improvement in the joint function of the FSN therapy by comparing it with that of a positive control drug (celecoxib). Furthermore, this clinical trial also aims to evaluate the effect of FSN on gait and lower limb muscle flexibility, which can further explore the scientific mechanisms of the FSN therapy.
METHODS: This study is a randomized, parallel-controlled, single-center prospective clinical study that includes 60 participants, with an FSN group (n = 30) and a drug group (n = 30). The Fu\'s subcutaneous needling (FSN) group undergo the FSN therapy 3 times a week for 2 weeks, while the drug group receives 0.2 g/day oral celecoxib for 2 weeks, with a follow-up period of 4 weeks after the completion of treatment. The primary outcome is the difference in the visual analog scale score after 2 weeks of treatment compared with baseline. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, joint active range of motion test, three-dimensional gait analysis, and shear wave elastic imaging technology analysis in lower limb muscles are also performed to demonstrate clinical efficacy.
BACKGROUND: The trial is performed following the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and consent form have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. All patients will give informed consent before participation and the trial is initiated after approval. The results of this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals.
BACKGROUND: NCT06328153.

Immuno-photodynamic therapy (IPDT) has emerged as a new modality for cancer treatment. Novel photosensitizers can help achieve the promise inherent in IPDT, namely, the complete eradication of a tumor without recurrence. We report here a small molecule photosensitizer conjugate, LuCXB. This IPDT agent integrates a celecoxib (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) moiety with a near-infrared absorbing lutetium texaphyrin photocatalytic core. In aqueous environments, the two components of LuCXB are self-associated through inferred donor-acceptor interactions. A consequence of this intramolecular association is that upon photoirradiation with 730 nm light, LuCXB produces superoxide radicals (O2-•) via a type I photodynamic pathway; this provides a first line of defense against the tumor while promoting IPDT. For in vivo therapeutic applications, we prepared a CD133-targeting, aptamer-functionalized exosome-based nanophotosensitizer (Ex-apt@LuCXB) designed to target cancer stem cells. Ex-apt@LuCXB was found to display good photosensitivity, acceptable biocompatibility, and robust tumor targetability. Under conditions of photoirradiation, Ex-apt@LuCXB acts to amplify IPDT while exerting a significant antitumor effect in both liver and breast cancer mouse models. The observed therapeutic effects are attributed to a synergistic mechanism that combines antiangiogenesis and photoinduced cancer immunotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether multimodal analgesia can decrease postoperative opioid usage in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy.
METHODS: Patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome who underwent acromioplasty at our institution between October 2022 and November 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into an observation group and a control group based on postoperative pain management methods. The control group received intravenous self-controlled electronic analgesia (sufentanil injection 1 μg/kg + butorphanol injection 4 mg + 0.9% NaCl injection to 100 mL), while the observation group received multimodal analgesia (ropivacaine subacromial pump 3 mL/h, combined with oral celecoxib and acetaminophen). Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were recorded preoperatively and at various postoperative time points, and opioid usage, length of hospital stay, and analgesia-related complications within 1 week postoperatively were compared between groups. The 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores and the Constant-Murley score (CMS), were also assessed 1 day and 1 week after treatment.
RESULTS: One hundred thirty-two patients were included in the study, 66 in the observation group and 66 in the control group. In the control group, there were 46 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 55.47 ± 11.42 years and in the observation group 44 males and 22 females, with a mean age of 56.13 ± 12.19 years The observation group consistently reported significantly lower pain intensity compared to the control group at 8 h (T1), 24 (T2), and 48 h (T3) after surgery (p < 0.05). Additionally, the observation group exhibited significantly lower opioid usage and complication rates compared to the control group (p < 0.05). SF-36 scores and CMS scores were significantly higher in the observation group 1 week after treatment compared to the control group (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Following shoulder arthroscopy, multimodal analgesia effectively reduces opioid consumption, lowers complication rates, and provides effective short-term pain relief. This approach carries significant implications for improving patient outcomes.