BACKGROUND: Exposure to famine in the prenatal period is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. We employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic profiling to identify the metabolic changes that are associated with survival of prenatal famine exposure during the Dutch Famine at the end of World War II and subsequently assess their link to disease.
METHODS: NMR metabolomics data were generated from serum in 480 individuals prenatally exposed to famine (mean 58.8 years, 0.5 SD) and 464 controls (mean 57.9 years, 5.4 SD). We tested associations of prenatal famine exposure with levels of 168 individual metabolic biomarkers and compared the metabolic biomarker signature of famine exposure with those of 154 common diseases.
RESULTS: Prenatal famine exposure was associated with higher concentrations of branched-chain amino acids ((iso)-leucine), aromatic amino acid (tyrosine), and glucose in later life (0.2-0.3 SD, p < 3 × 10-3). The metabolic biomarker signature of prenatal famine exposure was positively correlated to that of incident type 2 diabetes from the UK Biobank (r = 0.77, p = 3 × 10-27), also when re-estimating the signature of prenatal famine exposure among individuals without diabetes (r = 0.67, p = 1 × 10-18). Remarkably, this association extended to 115 common diseases for which signatures were available (0.3 ≤ r ≤ 0.9, p < 3.2 × 10-4). Correlations among metabolic signatures of famine exposure and disease outcomes were attenuated when the famine signature was adjusted for body mass index.
CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal famine exposure is associated with a metabolic biomarker signature that strongly resembles signatures of a diverse set of diseases, an observation that can in part be attributed to a shared involvement of obesity.

More than 100 human bones, known as the Tokyo Human Bones, were found at the previous site of the Army Medical School in Tokyo, Japan, on July 22, 1989. They were located on the northern side of the previous location of the epidemic prevention research unit of the Army Medical School, with the discovery drawing a great deal of international attention. It was suggested that these bones might be from the victims of human experiments during World War II. It was found, in 1991, by Professor Sakura Shuo in Sapporo University, that the time and location of the burial of these bones was consistent with the existence of the Army Military Medical School. Most of these bones were Chinese, Korean and Mongolian races, and they were indeed closely related to the war. At the time they had not been found to be directly related to the human experiments of the Army Medical School, but the evidence left behind on the bones did not indicate gunshot or other war wounds, but evidence of medical experiments. This incident was known as the \"Tokyo Bone Incident\". Based on the research data on the Tokyo Human Bones internationally in the past 30 years, in particular, the testimony from the staff of the previous Army Medical School in Tokyo and members of the previous Army Medical School in Harbin (Unit 731), it can be concluded that some relationship exists between the Tokyo Human Bones and human experiments. This suggested that the nature of research related to these human bones conducted by the Army Medical School in Tokyo was consistent with those conducted at the Army Medical School in Harbin (Unit 731).
1989年7月22日，建筑施工队在日本东京陆军军医学校旧址施工时发现100多具人骨，该发现地正是在与七三一部队关系密切的陆军军医学校防疫研究室北侧，此事件引起日本国内及国际社会关注，并推测这些人骨可能为人体试验受害者。1991年经札幌大学佐仓朔教授鉴定，得出结论：“这些人骨掩埋的时间与原陆军军医学校存在时期一致，多为亚洲的中国、朝鲜蒙古系人种，确与战争有着密切关联，未发现与七三一部队人体试验有直接关系，但留有的人骨痕迹证明死者绝非因枪伤等战伤死亡，而是医学实验。”这一事件被称为“东京人骨事件”。通过梳理近30年国内外东京人骨相关研究资料，结合前陆军军医学校职员、七三一部队成员证词等，挖掘人骨发现地与七三一部队机构之间的联系，本文认为这些人骨虽无法被直接贴上“马路大”的标签，但有间接证据可以证明其与“马路大”有着某种关联。.

Losheng Sanatorium, as a prophylactic-therapeutic institution for isolation, treatment, rehabilitation and social control of leprosy patients, was established by the Japanese colonial government in Taiwan in 1930. Losheng Sanatorium effectively carried out the compulsory isolation of leprosy patients, under the assistance of the public medical system with the help of police and the Bao-Jia management in the Japanese colonial period in Taiwan. Losheng sanatorium imported DDS, a therapeutic drug for leprosy, popularised an outpatient treatment model of leprosy, and developed mobile medical services after the Second World War. Losheng detected and treated leprosy patients successfully through the support of special skin clinics in public hospitals and missionary hospitals after Multi-drug Therapy was introduced in Taiwan in 1984. The Department of Health, Executive Yuan of the Taiwan area in commenced administration of Losheng Sanatorium in 1999 transformed it into a community-based general hospital. Losheng sanatorium adopted different control strategies in different historical periods based on the requirements of health, epidemic prevention systems and leprology developments to achieve its goals of leprosy control. The Sanatorium provides an example to understand and further study epidemical control and public health practice in the Taiwan area.
乐生院是日本殖民台湾后于1930年设立的公立麻风防治机构，长期承担着麻风患者隔离治疗、康复疗养及社会防治等任务，日据时期依托警察公医体系和保甲制度，有效实施患者强制隔离制度；战后引进治疗麻风药物DDS，推广门诊治疗，开展巡回医疗；1984年联合化疗推广以后，其依靠公立医院和教会医院体系的特别皮肤科门诊，顺利完成麻风门诊及住院治疗任务；1999年归属台湾地区行政院卫生署管理，医院逐渐转型为社区综合医院。乐生院在不同历史时期，顺应台湾地区卫生防疫体系和麻风科学的发展变化要求，采取不同防治策略，实现了麻风防治的目标，为了解台湾地区卫生防疫和公共卫生变迁提供了典型范例。.

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China railways medical career expereniced serious disaster because of Japanese aggressors destorying in Anti-Japanse time. Longhai, zhegan and Xianggui Railways Bureaus carried out the ongoing struggle in the front and rear of War.After the war, state railways health career had began to recover and rebuild, General Hospital as the core of the health administration system and the main railway hospitals had been rebuilt in each railways ministry in 1949, and these were a certain degree of development, but still a gap compared with pre-war.
抗日战争期间，中国铁路卫生事业，在日本帝国主义侵略下遭受严重劫难。面对暴日侵略，陇海、浙赣、湘桂等铁路管理局重新设立铁路医院和诊疗所，积极进行战时医疗救护工作。战后，铁路卫生事业开始恢复和重建，至1949年各线区铁路管理局普遍建立以铁路总医院为核心的卫生行政制度，在接收日伪铁路医院基础上，重建了战前的主要铁路医院，且有一定程度的发展，但与战前相比仍有差距。.

Established in 1907, Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University represents in microcosm the growth of modern Chinese medical science and shows its course of development. Over the past 103 years, the hospital has grown from a staff of a dozen to 3103 staff members, covering an area of 37,396 m(2) with 1216 hospital beds. Huashan Hospital has grown into one of the best-known hospitals in China with multiple world-renowned disciplines, including neurosurgery, hand surgery, dermatology, and infectious disease.

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Modern medical education was gradually established in the US since Flexner\'s report was published in 1910. Medical education had developed rapidly before World War II. The outbreak of World War II had become an important factor influencing the development of medical education in history. By analyzing the influence of World War II in medical education and analyzing and summarizing the American medical education before and after this War, we hope that it can offer some useful experiences to the development of medical education in our country.