Methods: A total of 392 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were selected from the population of the epidemiological investigation project of allergic diseases in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The project was led by Department of Allergy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, and assisted by Hohhot First Hospital from April to May 2023. The patients were randomly divided into a spleen aminopeptide group (296 cases) and control group (96 cases) at a ratio of 3∶1, and the enrollment period was from June 1 to 14, 2023. The treatment group was treated with spleen aminopeptide oral solution for 12 weeks starting from 4-6 weeks (±7 days) before the pollen dispersal period, while the control group was treated with a simulated agent of spleen aminopeptide oral solution. Both the treatment group and the control group were treated with oral antihistamines and/or nasal glucocorticoids as needed during the pollen dispersal period. Evaluate the therapeutic effect by comparing the symptom scores, drug scores and quality of life scores of the two groups, and detect the expression levels of cytokines in serum. Symptom scores, quality of life scores, drug scores and laboratory results were compared by independent sample t test/Kruskal-Wallis test and χ2 test/Fisher\'s exact test. Results: Compared with the control group, spleen aminopeptide treatment for 12 weeks significantly improved symptoms of nasal congestion [M(Q1,Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=6.308, P<0.05], nasal itching [M(Q1,Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=4.966, P<0.05], sneezing [M(Q1,Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=5.245, P<0.05], runny nose [M(Q1,Q3):2(1, 2) vs. 2(1, 3), H=5.41, P<0.05] and tearing [M(Q1,Q3):1(0, 2) vs. 1(0, 3), H=4.664, P<0.05]. At 12 weeks of treatment, the scores of nasal symptoms and ocular symptoms in control group and experimental group were significantly increased compared with baseline (P<0.05). In experimental group, nasal congestion [M(Q1,Q3):1(0, 1) vs. 1(0, 2), H=4.042, P<0.05], eye itching/foreign body sensation/redness symptom scores [M(Q1,Q3):1(0, 2) vs. 1(0, 2), H=5.302, P<0.05] and total scores [M(Q1,Q3):4(-1, 9) vs. 5(0, 12.5), H=3.958, P<0.05] were significantly increased. The antihistamine drug score of the splenic peptide treatment group at 6 weeks were lower than that of the control group (H=4.232, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, the antihistamine drug score [M(Q1,Q3):10(0, 24) vs. 19(2, 36.5), H=6.67, P<0.05] and the total drug score [M(Q1,Q3):28.5(5, 77.5) vs. 46(6, 155.5), H=3.995, P<0.05] were significantly lower than those of the control group. The serum IL-17A levels of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group after 6 weeks (0.7±1.77 vs. 0.85±1.67,H=10.08, P<0.05) and 12 weeks (0.81±1.63 vs. 0.94±1.73,H=5.196, P<0.05) of splenic aminopeptide treatment. Conclusions: Early treatment with spleen aminopeptide oral solution can significantly improve nasal and ocular symptoms of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, reduce the use of drugs during the onset period, and improve the quality of life. It may exert an immunomodulatory effect by reducing the expression level of IL-17A in the serum of patients. Objects: To conduct a study on the prevention and treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of spleen aminopeptide oral solution on seasonal allergic rhinitis, and explore its related mechanisms.
目的： 开展内蒙古呼和浩特地区季节性过敏性鼻炎防治的研究，探讨脾氨肽口服溶液对季节性过敏性鼻炎的预防与治疗作用，以及其相关机制。 方法： 于2023年4—5月首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院变态反应科牵头，呼和浩特市第一医院协助开展的内蒙古呼和浩特地区过敏性疾病流行病学调查项目的流调人群中，选取392例季节性过敏性鼻炎患者，按3∶1随机分为脾氨肽治疗组（296例）和对照组（96例），并在2023年6月1—14日完成入组。治疗组在花粉播散期前4~6周（±7 d）开始应用脾氨肽口服溶液治疗12周，对照组应用脾氨肽口服溶液模拟剂，治疗组和对照组在花粉播散期间均按需使用口服抗组胺药物和/或鼻用糖皮质激素治疗。通过对比两组人群的症状评分、药物评分和生活质量评分评估疗效，并检测血清中多种细胞因子的表达水平。采用独立样本t检验/Kruskal-Wallis检验、χ2 检验/Fisher 精确检验比较症状评分、生活质量评分、药物评分和实验室检查。 结果： 与对照组相比，脾氨肽治疗12周可显著改善鼻塞［M（Q1，Q3）：2（1，2）vs. 2（1，3），H值=6.308，P<0.05］、鼻痒［M（Q1，Q3）：2（1，2）vs. 2（1，3），H值=4.966，P<0.05］、喷嚏［M（Q1，Q3）：2（1，2）vs. 2（1，3），H值=5.245，P<0.05］、流涕［M（Q1，Q3）：2（1，2）vs. 2（1，3），H值=5.41，P<0.05］、流泪［M（Q1，Q3）：1（0，2）vs. 1（0，3），H值=4.664，P<0.05］症状。治疗12周时对照组和试验组鼻部症状及眼部症状评分与基线相比均升高（P<0.05），试验组鼻塞［M（Q1，Q3）：1（0，1）vs. 1（0，2），H值=4.042，P<0.05］、眼痒/异物感/眼红［M（Q1，Q3）：1（0，2）vs. 1（0，2），H值=5.302，P<0.05］症状评分及总评分［M（Q1，Q3）：4（-1，9）vs. 5（0，12.5），H值=3.958，P<0.05］升高的幅度低于对照组。脾氨肽治疗组治疗6周抗组胺药物评分低于对照组（H值=4.232，P<0.05）；治疗12周时，抗组胺药物评分［M（Q1，Q3）：10（0，24）vs. 19（2，36.5），H值=6.67，P<0.05］及药物总评分［M（Q1，Q3）：28.5（5，77.5）vs. 46（6，155.5），H值=3.995，P<0.05］均低于对照组。在脾氨肽治疗6周（0.7±1.77 vs. 0.85±1.67，H值=10.08，P<0.05）和12周（0.81±1.63 vs. 0.94±1.73，H值=5.196，P<0.05）时，治疗组血清IL-17A水平均低于对照组。 结论： 脾氨肽口服溶液早期干预治疗可能改善患者季节性过敏性鼻炎的鼻部症状和眼部症状，减少发作期用药，改善患者的生活质量，其可能通过降低患者血清中IL-17A的表达水平从而发挥免疫调节作用。.

变应性鼻炎是严重影响人民群众健康和生活质量的多发病。花粉是引发季节性变应性鼻炎的重要过敏原，严重影响患者个体日常生活、工作和学习质量，带来沉重的医疗和社会负担。建立高效、快速的大气花粉监测系统和可靠的评估过敏风险指标对于变应性疾病的防控尤为重要。本文概述了国际大气花粉监测的方法，以及我国大气花粉监测的发展和现状。.

This study was to investigate the relationship between spring pollen distribution concentration, species and the detection results of air-borne pollen allergens in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province during March to May 2022 and March to May 2023.A retrospective study was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University.Pollen particles will be monitored by gravity sedimentation method on the roof of the outpatient department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University in downtown Taiyuan from March to May 2022-2023, and pollen species and quantity will be observed and recorded under an optical microscope.The air-borne pollen allergen detection results of all allergic rhinitis patients in the otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery Department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were extracted from the relevant outpatient system. SPSS software and Pearson correlation analysis were used to compare the correlation between the allergens and the dominant air-borne pollen monitoring results. Results are as follows: (1)A total of 18 species of spring pollen in Taiyuan City were monitored in 2022-2023, with 101 177.5 grains, and the dominant airborne pollen was poplar (16.69%) and pine (29.06%) pollen. The pollen of poplar (11.96%), elm (7.89%) and cypress (8.68%) were dominant in early spring; Pine (25.16%) pollen predominated in late spring. The two peaks of pollen dispersal in Taiyuan were in late March (15 479 grains) and early and mid May (15 094/15 343 grains).(2) The positive rates of allergens in serum specific IgE detection were: wormwood (46%, 248/541 cases), tree combination (26%, 143/541 cases), ragweed (19%, 101/541 cases), humulus scandens (9%, 49/541 cases).(3)There was a linear positive correlation between the positive rate of air-borne pollen allergens in allergic rhinitis patients in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University and the dominant air-borne pollen concentration in the same period (P<0.05, r=0.999). In conclusion, two spring pollen dispersal peaks were formed in late March and early to mid May in Taiyuan City, and the dominant air-borne pollens were poplar and pine pollens. The positive rate of air borne pollen allergen sIgE showed that wormwood allergy was the highest.There was a positive correlation between the concentration of air-borne pollen and the positive rate of air-borne pollen allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in the Department of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery in Taiyuan in 2022 and 2023.The monitoring of pollen distribution in spring can provide an important scientific basis for clinical workers to formulate prevention and treatment plans for patients with allergic rhinitis in the season, and provide data reference for the epidemiological investigation of allergic diseases in Taiyuan in the future.
本研究探讨山西省太原市2022年3—5月与2023年3—5月两年间春季花粉播散浓度、种类与患者气传花粉变应原检测结果的关系。采用回顾性研究方法，本研究于山西医科大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊展开。2022—2023年两年的3—5月在位于太原市中心地区的山西医科大学第一医院门诊部楼顶，利用重力沉降法监测花粉颗粒，并在光学显微镜下观察记录花粉种类和数量。从门诊相关系统中提取所有同期山西医科大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊过敏性鼻炎患者气传花粉变应原检测结果，利用SPSS软件并采用Pearson 相关性分析法比较其与优势气传花粉监测结果之间的相关性。结果显示，（1）共监测到2022—2023两年太原市春季花粉18种，101 177.5粒，优势气传花粉为杨树（16.69%）和松树（29.06%）花粉。早春以杨树（11.96%）、榆树（7.89%）、柏树（8.68%）花粉播散为主；晚春以松树（25.16%）花粉为主。太原市花粉播散两个高峰期为3月下旬（15 479粒）与5月上中旬（15 094/15 343粒）。（2）变应原血清特异性IgE检测中，变应原的检出阳性率依次是：蒿草（46%，248/541例）、树木组合（26%，143/541例）、豚草（19%，101/541例）、葎草（9%，49/541例）。（3）山西医科大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊过敏性鼻炎患者气传花粉变应原检测结果阳性率与同期优势气传花粉浓度之间存在线性正相关（P<0.05，r=0.999）。综上，太原市3月下旬与5月上中旬形成两个春季花粉播散高峰期，优势气传花粉为杨树和松树花粉；气传花粉变应原sIgE结果阳性率显示蒿草过敏阳性率最高；2022—2023年两年间太原春季优势气传花粉浓度同耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊过敏性鼻炎患者的气传花粉变应原检测结果阳性率呈正相关。春季花粉播散规律的监测，能为制定当季过敏性鼻炎患者预防与治疗方案提供重要依据，并为今后太原市过敏性疾病的流行病学调查提供数据参考。.

Objective: To investigate the distribution rules of artemisia pollen and the clinical sensitization characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) induced by artemisia pollen in three urban and rural areas of Inner Mongolia. Methods: From March to October 2019, in 3 central cities (Chifeng, Hohhot, Ordos) and rural areas of Inner Mongolia, an epidemiological investigation method combining multi-stage stratified random sampling and face-to-face questionnaire survey was adopted to screen suspected AR patients, and skin prick test (SPT) was applied for diagnosis. At the same time, pollen monitoring was carried out in 3 areas to analyze the distribution and clinical sensitization characteristics of artemisia pollen.SPSS26.0 statistical software was used to process all the data. Chi-square test was used to compare rates among different age, sex, region and nationality, Spearman test was used to describe correlation analysis, and pairwise comparison of positive rates among multiple samples was used Bonferroni method. Results: Among the 6 393 subjects, 1 093 cases were diagnosed with AR, and the prevalence of AR was 17.10% (1 093/6 393). Among them, pollen-induced allergic rhinitis, the prevalence of PiAR was 10.97% (701/6 393), accounting for 64.14%(701/1 093).The highest incidence was in the youth group (20-39 years old), accounting for 46.94% (329/701).The diagnosed prevalence was higher in females than in males (11.35% vs. 10.64%, χ2 value 12.304, P<0.001).The prevalence rate of ethnic minority was higher than that of Han nationality (13.01% vs. 10.65%, χ2 value 6.296, P=0.008).The prevalence in urban areas was also significantly higher than that in rural areas (18.40% vs. 5.50%, χ2 value 10.497, P<0.001).There was significant difference in prevalence rate among the three regions in Inner Mongolia (6.06% in Chifeng, 13.46% in Hohhot, 16.39% in Ordos, χ2 value 70.054, P<0.001).The main clinical symptoms of artemisia PiAR were sneezing (95.58%), nasal congestion (91.73%) and nasal itching (89.30%).Allergic conjunctivitis accounted for 79.60% (558/701), chronic sinusitis for 55.63% (390/701), asthma for 23.25% (163/701).The pattern of artemisia pollen sensitization was mainly multiple sensitization, and the frequency of clinical symptoms and clinical diseases induced by hypersensitization with other allergens accounted for more than that caused by single artemisia pollen. The spread period of Artemisia pollen in the three regions was from June to October, and the peak state was in August in summer. The peak time of clinical symptoms in artemisia PiAR patients was about 2 weeks earlier than the peak time of pollen concentration, and the two were significantly positively correlated (R=0.7671, P<0.001). Conclusion: Artemisia pollens are the dominant pollens in late summer and early autumn in Inner Mongolia, and the prevalence of artemisia PiAR is high. Controlling the spread of Artemisia pollens is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of AR.
目的： 探讨内蒙古自治区3个中心城市及农村地区蒿属花粉的播散规律以及所诱导的变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis，AR）的临床致敏特征。 方法： 2019年3—10月期间，在内蒙古3个中心城市（赤峰、呼和浩特、鄂尔多斯）及农村地区采用多阶段分层随机抽样和面对面问卷调查相结合的流行病学调查方法，进行疑似AR患者的筛选，并为其进行皮肤点刺试验（skin prick test，SPT）以确诊，同时对3个地区进行花粉监测，分析蒿属花粉的分布规律以及临床致敏特征。采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件对全部数据进行处理。不同年龄、性别、地区、民族之间率的比较用卡方检验，采用Spearman检验描述相关性分析，多个样本阳性率的两两比较用Bonferroni法。 结果： 6 393名被调查者中有1 093例被确诊为AR，确诊AR患病率为17.10%（1 093/6 393），其中蒿属花粉诱导型鼻炎（pollen-induced allergic rhinitis，PiAR）的患病率为10.97%（701/6 393），占比为64.14%（701/1 093）；高发年龄在青年组（20~39岁），占比46.94%（329/701）；女性确诊患病率高于男性（11.35% vs. 10.64%，χ2值为12.304，P<0.001）；少数民族患病率高于汉族（13.01% vs. 10.65%，χ2值6.296，P=0.008）；城市患病率也明显高于农村（18.40% vs. 5.50%，χ2值10.497，P<0.001）；内蒙古3个地区患病率的差异有统计学意义（赤峰6.06%、呼和浩特13.46%、鄂尔多斯16.39%，χ2值为70.054，P<0.001）；蒿属PiAR的临床症状以喷嚏（95.58%）、鼻塞（91.73%）和鼻痒（89.30%）为主；合并疾病中，过敏性结膜炎占79.60%（558/701），慢性鼻窦炎占55.63%（390/701），哮喘占23.25%（163/701）；蒿属花粉致敏模式主要是多重致敏，其合并其他过敏原过敏诱发的临床症状频次及临床疾病占比较单一蒿属花粉致敏的多；3个地区蒿属花粉的播散期均为6—10月份，于夏季8月份呈现峰值状态；蒿属PiAR患者临床症状出现频次高峰时间比花粉浓度高峰时间提早约2周，且二者呈显著正相关性（R=0.7671，P<0.001）。 结论： 蒿属植物花粉是内蒙古地区夏末秋初的主要优势花粉，蒿属PiAR患病率较高，控制蒿属花粉的播散对AR 的预防与治疗具有重要意义。.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is traditionally subdivided into seasonal AR (SAR) and perennial AR (PAR) according to the type of allergen and the occurrence of symptoms during the year. There are currently no reports on the comparison of trait profiles for SAR and PAR during the allergen exposure. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of SAR and PAR during respective allergen exposure periods to provide valuable information for the development of treatment strategies. Methods: This study was performed between August 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022, in the Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital. We continuously included diagnosed SAR and PAR outpatients who volunteered to participate in the survey. A questionnaire with regard to medical history, severity of symptoms, and diagnosis and treatment status was collected. Results: A total of 296 patients with SAR and 448 with PAR were finally recruited. Patients with SAR had more severe rhinorrhea compared with patients with PAR (p < 0.001), whereas there was no statistically significant difference in the severity of itching, sneezing, and congestion between the two entities (p ≥ 0.05). Both the gritty and watery eyes of patients with SAR were noticeably more severe than those of patients with PAR (PTotal Ocular Symptom Score [PTOSS] < 0.001). AR symptom severity is mainly associated with the comorbid allergic conjunctivitis (odds ratio 1.94 [95% confidence interval, 1.21-3.09]). SAR patients and PAR patients show no statistically significant differences in terms of their frequency of visits, annual expenditure, and choice of medication treatment for AR (p > 0.05). The overall control under standard medication of both patients with PAR and those with SAR is not ideal, especially in SAR. Conclusion: The current cross-sectional study demonstrated that the patients with SAR exhibited more severe overall clinical symptoms than those with PAR, especially nasal rhinorrhea and gritty and watery eyes. Both of the two disease entities have poor control under standardized medication treatment, especially in SAR. Further multicenter longitudinal studies that involve larger and more diverse populations should be conducted to provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the condition.

Hay fever, characterized by seasonal allergic reactions, poses a significant health challenge. Existing therapies encompass standard drug regimens, biological agents, and specific immunotherapy. This study aims to assess and compare the effectiveness of anti-IgE (omalizumab), medication therapy, and subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for hay fever.
Conducted as a retrospective cohort study, this research involved 98 outpatient hay fever patients who underwent routine medication, omalizumab treatment, or SCIT before the onset of the spring pollen season. A follow-up was performed one month after the start of the pollen season. The comprehensive symptoms and drug scores were used to evaluate patients with different intervention methods, facilitating a comparative analysis of therapeutic outcomes.
Compared with before treatment, the symptoms of patients treated with the three methods were all significantly relieved, and the medication score were significantly reduced. Patients treated with omalizumab demonstrated higher symptoms and medication scores than SCIT group before treatment, but similar scores after treatment, which were both lower than medicine treatment group. After treatment with omalizumab or SCIT, patients in both groups had significantly lower medication scores than the medication group and were close to no longer using medication for symptom relief. The mountain juniper-sIgE was significantly higher after treatment than before treatment in both medicine treatment group and omalizumab treatment group.
Omalizumab and SCIT offer superior effects than medication therapy in hay fever patients.

Objective:To explore the allergen components of birch pollen in the Beijing area and interpret its clinical significance. Methods:A total of 58 patients with birch pollen allergy were included in the cross-sectional study and divided into allergic rhinitis（AR） and allergic asthma（AA） groups according to clinical manifestations. Concentration of birch pollen allergen sIgE, as well as Bet v 1, Bet v 2, Bet v 4 and Bet v 6 sIgE were detected by ImmunoCAP immunolinked immunoassay. Differences of sIgE concentration of birch pollen allergen component in AR and AA were analyzed. Results:There were 44（75.9%） cases of AR and 14（24.1%） cases of AA were enrolled. All the 18 patients with spring pollen allergy were AR patients without AA. There were 40 cases with both spring and autumn pollen allergy, of which 26 cases（65%） were AR and 14 cases（35%） were AA. The sIgE of birch pollen allergen was level 2 or above in all subjects. 94.8% were positive for any four allergen components. 77.6% were mono-sensitized to any allergen component while 17.2% were dual-sensitized. The positive rate of Bet v 1 and/or Bet v 2 was 93.1%. The positive rates of four protein components were: Bet v 1（82.8%）, Bet v 2（29.3%）, Bet v 6（1.7%）, Bet v 4（0%）. sIgE of birch pollen was positively correlated with sIgE level of Betv 1（r=0.898, P<0.001）. The sIgE concentration of Bet v2 in AA group was significantly higher than that in AR group（[4.34±14.35] kUA/L vs [1.56±3.26] kUA/L, P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in other components. Conclusion:Bet v 1 is the main allergen component of birch pollen in the Beijing area, and Bet v 1 plus Bet v 2 can diagnose more than 90% of birch pollen allergy.
目的：研究北京地区桦树花粉过敏的主要致敏蛋白组分及其临床意义。 方法：采用横断面研究的方法将58例桦树花粉过敏的患者纳入研究。根据临床表现分为变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis，AR）和过敏性哮喘（allergic asthma，AA）组。采用ImmunoCAP荧光酶联免疫法检测患者血清桦树花粉sIgE浓度，以及桦树花粉主要致敏蛋白组分Bet v 1，Bet v 2，Bet v 4，Bet v 6 sIgE浓度并分级。分析桦树花粉和各组分蛋白sIgE在AR和AA中的差异。 结果：入组患者中，AR为44例（75.9%），AA为14例（24.1%）。单独春季花粉过敏的18例患者全部为AR患者，无AA患者。春秋季花粉过敏的患者共计40例，其中AR为26例（65%）；AA为14例（35%）。58例纳入研究的患者均为桦树花粉sIgE 2级及以上阳性。4种桦树花粉的致敏蛋白组分中，对任意一种桦树花粉蛋白组分阳性占94.8%。单一组分致敏占77.6%；2种组分致敏占17.2%。Bet v 1和（或）Bet v 2阳性率为93.1%。4种蛋白组分的阳性率依次为：Bet v 1（82.8%）、Bet v 2（29.3%）、Bet v 6（1.7%）、Bet v 4（0）。桦树花粉sIgE和Bet v 1的sIgE级别呈显著正相关性（r=0.898，P<0.001）。Bet v 2的sIgE浓度在AA组显著高于AR组[（4.34±14.35） kUA/L vs （1.56±3.26） kUA/L，P<0.05]，其他组分无显著性差异。 结论：北京地区桦树花粉的主要致敏蛋白组分为Bet v 1，桦树花粉组分蛋白以单一致敏为主，Bet v 1联合Bet v 2检测可诊断90%以上的桦树花粉过敏患者。.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is high, making it a relatively common chronic condition. Countless patients suffer from seasonal Allergic rhinitis (AR). The objective of this investigation is to examine the potential involvement of common pollen allergens in seasonal allergic rhinitis, and study the proposed mechanism of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway in the induction of AR.
METHODS: A mouse AR model (sensitized group) was constructed with pollen extracts and ovalbumin (OVA) of Artemisia annua (An), Artemisia argyi (Ar) and Artemisia Sieversiana (Si), and thereafter, AR symptom score was performed. After successful modeling, mouse serum and nasal mucosa tissues were extracted for subsequent experiments. The expression levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were detected using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining methods were used to observe the pathological changes of the nasal mucosal tissue; Utilizing immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in mouse nasal mucosa were quantified; The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa of sensitized mice were detected with Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot. Finally, the in vitro culture of Human nasal mucosal epithelial cells (HNEpC) cells was conducted, and cells were treated with 200 µg/ml Artemisia annua pollen extract and OVA for 24 h. Western Blot assay was used to detect the expression level of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 proteins before and after HNEpC cells were treated with MyD88 inhibitor ST-2825.
RESULTS: On the second day after AR stimulation, the mice showed obvious AR symptoms. H&E results showed that compared to the control group, the nasal mucosal tissue in the sensitized group was significantly more inflamed. Furthermore, ELISA assay showed increased expression levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α in serum of mice induced by OVA and Artemisia annua pollen, Artemisia argyi pollen and Artemisia Sieversiana pollen than those of the control group. However, the expression level of IL-2 was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Using Immunohistochemistry staining visually observed the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in mouse nasal mucosa tissues and quantitatively analyzed. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in the sensitized group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results from qRT-PCR and Western Blot showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa of the sensitized group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Finally, HNEpC cells were cultured in vitro and analyzed using Western Blot. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in OVA and An groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After ST-2825 treatment, TLR4 protein expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein expression were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: To sum up, the occurrence and development of AR induced by OVA and pollen of Artemisia annua, Artemisia argyi and Artemisia Sieversiana were related to TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway.

With the increasing global prevalence of tree pollen allergies, there has been a significant impact on the quality of life for populations. In North and Central China, birch pollen, cypress pollen, and plane tree pollen are the most common allergens for springtime pollen allergy sufferers. The distribution of plants and patterns of pollen transmission in different geographical areas result in varying pollen exposure outcomes, further complicating the challenges in diagnosis and individualized treatment. This article delves into the research progress and clinical application of tree pollen allergies based on the \"Molecular Allergology User\'s Guide 2.0 (MAUG 2.0) \" published by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). It discusses major allergen families and component proteins of tree pollen such as PR-10 proteins, profilins, polcalcins, as well as cross-reactive components that may cause pollen-food allergy syndrome. Allergen component diagnostics can distinguish true allergy sufferers from those with multiple allergen reactions, enabling more targeted selection of allergens for specific immunotherapy, thus enhancing treatment effectiveness. Bet v 1 and Cup a 1, for instance, are specific indicators for immunotherapy in birch and cypress allergy patients. Overall, this article provides cutting-edge information for professionals in the field of tree pollen allergies, offering in-depth exploration of tree pollen allergen component proteins, clinical manifestations, and treatment-related research, aiding in better understanding and addressing the challenges of tree pollen allergies.
全球树花粉致敏阳性率逐年增加，严重影响过敏性疾病患者的生活质量。在华北和华中地区，桦木花粉、柏树花粉和梧桐树花粉是春季花粉症患者中最为常见的过敏原。不同地理区域的植物分布和花粉传播规律导致了不同的花粉暴露结果，从而进一步加大了对诊断和治疗个体化需求的挑战。本文通过深入解读欧洲过敏和临床免疫学会（EAACI）发布的《过敏原组分诊断指导建议2.0》中关于树花粉过敏的研究进展和临床应用，探讨了PR-10蛋白、Profilins、Polcalin等树花粉的主要过敏原家族和组分蛋白，以及可能导致花粉食物过敏综合征的交叉反应组分。通过过敏原组分诊断可以区分真正过敏患者和对多重过敏原的反应，从而更有针对性地选择过敏原进行特异性免疫治疗，提高治疗效果，如Bet v 1和Cup a 1为桦树和柏树过敏患者免疫治疗的特异性指标。本文对该指南解读，为树花粉过敏领域的专业人员提供前沿信息，深入分析树花粉过敏原组分蛋白、临床表现和治疗的相关研究，有助于更好地理解和应对树花粉过敏的挑战。.

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