儿童通过吸入和摄入暴露于内分泌干扰化学物质(EDC),以及通过皮肤接触在他们的日常室内环境。由于皮肤吸收以及手口行为,EDC的皮肤负荷可能对儿童的总EDC暴露有重要影响。这项研究的目的是测量潜在的EDC,特别是卤化阻燃剂(HFRs)和有机磷酸酯(OPEs),在学龄前儿童的手中,并评估瑞典学龄前室内环境中暴露的可能决定因素。为此,在冬季和春季,从60名参与儿童中收集了115个手巾样本(算术平均年龄4.5岁,标准偏差1.0)并分析了50种化合物。在这些中,在大多数样品中鉴定出31种化合物。OPEs的水平通常比HFRs高几个数量级,和2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(EHDPP)和三(2-丁氧基乙基)磷酸酯(TBOEP)检测到最高的中位数质量,61和56ng/擦拭,分别。在HFR中,双(2-乙基-1-己基)-2,3,4,5-四溴苯甲酸酯(BEH-TEBP)和2,2',3,3\',4,4\',5,5\',6,6'-十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)检测到最高的中位数质量,2.8和1.8ng/擦拭,分别。发现HFR和/或OPE水平受到塑料玩具数量的影响,以及电气和电子设备,季节,市政当局,以及2004年之前/之后的建筑和/或翻新。然而,对于通过皮肤摄取暴露以及使用平均手口接触率的摄入,单一化合物的计算的健康风险低于可用参考剂量值.然而,假设手口接触率很高,在第95百分位数,对于本研究中发现的TBOEP的最大手擦质量,计算出的危险商数大于1,表明有负面健康影响的风险。此外,考虑到类似化合物的累加效应,这项研究的结果表明,如果来自其他途径的额外暴露同样高,则可能会引起关注。
Children are exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) through inhalation and ingestion, as well as through dermal contact in their everyday indoor environments. The dermal loadings of EDCs may contribute significantly to children\'s total EDC exposure due to dermal absorption as well as hand-to-mouth behaviors. The aim of this study was to measure potential EDCs, specifically halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs), on children\'s hands during
preschool attendance and to assess possible determinants of exposure in
preschool indoor environments in Sweden. For this, 115 handwipe samples were collected in winter and spring from 60 participating children (arithmetic mean age 4.5 years, standard deviation 1.0) and analyzed for 50 compounds. Out of these, 31 compounds were identified in the majority of samples. Levels were generally several orders of magnitude higher for OPEs than HFRs, and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were detected in the highest median masses, 61 and 56 ng/wipe, respectively. Of the HFRs, bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (BEH-TEBP) and 2,2\',3,3\',4,4\',5,5\',6,6\'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were detected in the highest median masses, 2.8 and 1.8 ng/wipe, respectively. HFR and/or OPE levels were found to be affected by the number of plastic toys, and electrical and electronic devices, season, municipality, as well as building and/or renovation before/after 2004. Yet, the calculated health risks for single compounds were below available reference dose values for exposure through dermal uptake as well as for ingestion using mean hand-to-mouth contact rate. However, assuming a high hand-to-mouth contact rate, at the 95th percentile, the calculated hazard quotient was above 1 for the maximum handwipe mass of TBOEP found in this study, suggesting a risk of negative health effects. Furthermore, considering additive effects from similar compounds, the results of this study indicate potential concern if additional exposure from other routes is as high.