The aim of the study is to create and validate a model of the relationship between specialization in leisure activities, the individual\'s adaptation to the environment and the heart flow experience. In order to clarify the role of the individual\'s adaptation to the environment in the relationship between specialization in leisure activities and the heart flow experience. The study utilized purposive sampling, cluster sampling, and random sampling. Using questionnaires and interviews to survey 525 cycling enthusiasts. Descriptive analysis, model construction and testing of the constructed path relationships were conducted using SPSS 20.0 and Amos 20.0. The results indicate that the model of the relationship between recovery specialization, individual-environment fit and heart flow experience has a good overall fit. The model shows good reliability and validity. Cyclists\' recreational specialization has a statistically significant effect on individual-environment fit (β = 0.38, P < 0.001). The fit between individual and environment has a statistically significant influence on the heart flow experience (β = 0.39, P < 0.001). The fit between individual and environment serves as a mediating variable between recreational specialization and the heart flow experience, with the path showing statistical significance (β = 0.15, P < 0.001). Recreational specialization has a statistically significant effect on the heart flow experience (β = 0.30, P < 0.001). And the overall path of the effects of recreational specialization of cyclists on the fit between individual and environment is (β = 0.45, P < 0.001), with the path showing statistical significance.
UNASSIGNED: The stronger the recreational specialization of cyclists and the greater the fit between individual and environment, the stronger their heart flow experience. The fit between individual and environment plays a partially mediating role.

Adults\' emotional reactions to the pain and pleasure of others are influenced by the moral character of those individuals. However, it remains unclear whether children\'s emotional responses also show such selectivity. To investigate this, we compared 4- to 8-year-old children\'s emotional responses to the physical pain and pleasure of prosocial versus antisocial puppets. In Study 1, children reported unhappiness after witnessing the pain of the prosocial and antisocial puppets but reported less unhappiness after witnessing the pain of the antisocial puppet. In Study 2, children reported happiness after witnessing the pleasure of both puppets but reported being less happy for the antisocial puppet. These results suggest that children are less likely to empathize with antisocial individuals. Meanwhile, children did not display Schadenfreude (pleasure at others\' pain) or Gluckschmerz (displeasure at others\' pleasure) toward antisocial individuals in our studies. Moreover, the selectivity of children\'s emotional responses disappeared after we manipulated the physical competence rather than the moral character of the puppets in Study 3. Our findings help to reveal the moral selectivity of emotional responses to others\' pleasure and pain during early childhood.

As the need for food authenticity verification increases, sensory evaluation of food odors has become widely recognized. This study presents a theory based on electroencephalography (EEG) to create an Olfactory Perception Dimensional Space (EEG-OPDS), using feature engineering and ensemble learning to establish material and emotional spaces based on odor perception and pleasure. The study examines the intrinsic connection between these two spaces and explores the mechanisms of integration and differentiation in constructing the OPDS. This method effectively visualizes various types of food odors while identifying their perceptual intensity and pleasantness. The average classification accuracy for odor recognition in an eight-category experiment is 96.1%. Conversely, the average classification accuracy for sensory pleasantness recognition in a two-category experiment is 98.8%. The theoretical approach proposed in this study, based on olfactory EEG signals to construct an OPDS, captures the subtle perceptual differences and individualized pleasantness responses to food odors.

Teacher support encompasses the provision of educational, instrumental, sentimental, or evaluative assistance by a teacher to a student, regardless of the setting. Learning a new language brings with it different ups and downs that may hinder the actual progress of the learners. The journey of learning may be made easier by supportive instructors. During the course of this inquiry, two groups (85 participants in total) including the experimental and control groups were chosen to gauge the influence of Teacher support in virtual instruction on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners\' progress, academic immunity, and academic enjoyment. In contrast to the experimental group (EG, n = 42), which had the chance to connect with a teacher in order to ask questions and get feedback plus the off-line education, the control group (CG, n = 44) was subjected to off-line instruction of language input (Top Notch 3). The status of the participants\' language growth, immunity, and enjoyment was investigated both before and after the treatment. The findings of independent samples t-tests as well as the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that learners in EG did much better than their counterparts in CG. In addition, the ramifications and recommendations for potential future directions are analyzed.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to summarize and assess the advancements lately made on the enjoyable impacts of game-based physical education interventions on children and adolescents. Additionally, it attempted to identify the effects and variables influencing the enjoyable outcomes of children and adolescents\' engagement in physical education games, through meta-analysis.
METHODS: This study involves a comprehensive search of different databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, EBSCOhost, Cochrane, and Scopus. Specific criteria are established for the selection process to make sure the relevant literature included. The quality assessment of the included researches is conducted based on the guidelines outlined in the Cochrane 5.1 handbook. Review Manager 5.3 software is employed to synthesis the effect sizes. Additionally, bias is assessed using funnel plots, and to identify potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analyses are performed.
RESULTS: A total of 1907 academic papers, out of which 2 articles were identified via other data sources. The present study examined the impact of a pedagogical intervention involving physical education games on the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents. The results indicated a significant positive effect (MD = 0.53, 95%CI:[0.27,0.79], P < 0.05) of this intervention on enjoyment. Subgroup analyses further revealed that both boys (MD = 0.31, 95%CI:[0.13,0.50], P < 0.05) and girls (MD = 0.28, 95%CI:[0.05,0.51], P < 0.05) experienced increased pleasure compared to traditional physical education. Additionally, children under 12 years of age (MD = 0.41, 95%CI:[0.17,0.64], P < 0.05) benefited from sessions lasting at least 30 minutes or more per session (MD = 0.40, 95%CI:[0.19,0.60], P < 0.05), occurring 1 to 3 times per week (MD = 0.28, 95%CI:[0.16,0.40], P < 0.05), and lasting for more than 3 weeks (MD = 0.81, 95%CI:[0.29,1.34], P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the implementation of physical education games can be an effective approach to teaching this subject.
CONCLUSIONS: 1) Interventions using physical games have been shown to yield beneficial outcomes in terms of enhancing the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents. 2) The effectiveness of treatments aimed at promoting enjoyment among children and adolescents is influenced by several aspects, including gender, age, duration and frequency of physical activity, as well as the specific cycle of activity used.

The longitudinal person-oriented study aimed to explore profiles, stability, gender differences, and compositional relations of math attitudes by tracking Chinese third graders (Ntotal = 1013, Mage(T1) = 8.92 ± 0.46, Ngirls = 404) in four waves with 1-year intervals. Five profiles and unstable transitional probabilities were identified among the four waves. The relations between enjoyment to confidence and value shifted from reciprocity to enjoyment dominance, but value negatively predicted later enjoyment and confidence. Additionally, boys\' advantages were significant in late elementary school (fifth, sixth grades) and girls benefited from initial positive attitudes. These findings suggest that Chinese students\' math attitudes in middle childhood are unstable, shaped by internal and external environmental dynamics, and need to be further explored in cross-cultural research.

Previous research on English as a foreign language (EFL) learning has predominantly focused on negative emotions such as anxiety and boredom, neglecting positive emotions. Self-regulation, a cognitive factor, has emerged as a key construct of positive psychology in recent years. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms by which positive emotions influence EFL performance, especially through cognitive factors. Given the high-stakes nature of Chinese college entrance examination and Chinese culture\'s value on effort, Chinese senior high school students may experience distinct EFL emotions. Therefore, this study, based on the control-value theory (CVT), explored the potential mediating role of self-regulatory capacity (boredom, awareness, goal, and emotion controls) in the relationship between the three focal positive emotions (enjoyment, hope, and pride) and EFL performance among Chinese senior high school students. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire survey was administered to 330 Chinese third-year senior high school students (male: n = 159; female: n = 171). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and mediation analysis with SPSS 26 and PROCESS V3.3. The results indicated that the students reported low levels of enjoyment and pride, moderate levels of hope, low levels of awareness, goal, and emotion controls, and moderate levels of boredom control. The results also revealed significant and large associations among the three positive emotions, the four components of self-regulatory capacity, and EFL performance. Furthermore, the results suggested that self-regulatory capacity partially mediated the effect of positive emotions on EFL performance, supporting the CVT framework. The study concluded with implications for educators and suggestions for future research.

In this study, we tested the effect of a nostalgic storytelling virtual reality (VR) experience (vs. a text-reading neutral VR experience as the comparison condition) on state-level eudaimonic well-being and explored the underlying mediating mechanisms. In a within-subject experimental design, all 31 participants experienced both versions of the VR in pseudorandomized and counterbalanced order. Compared with the text-reading VR experience, the nostalgic storytelling VR resulted in significantly higher hedonic and eudaimonic entertainment media gratifications (aka. media enjoyment and media appreciation, respectively), social connectedness, and state-level well-being. Moreover, the relationship between VR and well-being was serially mediated by the level of state nostalgia and eudaimonic media gratifications. That is, the nostalgic storytelling VR was found to evoke state nostalgia, which led to a greater appreciation of the VR experience; this appreciation, in turn, contributed to increased state-level well-being. Implications of the study findings for future research and practice are discussed.

The post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is characterized by persistent, distressing symptoms following an acute COVID-19 infection. These symptoms encompass various domains, including hedonic tone, which is critical for overall well-being. Furthermore, obesity is both a risk factor for COVID-19 and PCC and associated with impaired hedonic tone. This study aims to investigate whether elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with hedonic tone in persons with PCC.
We perform a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the impact of vortioxetine on cognitive impairment in persons with PCC. Statistical analysis of baseline data using a generalized linear model was undertaken to determine the relationship of BMI to hedonic tone measured by Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) scores. The model was adjusted for covariates including age, sex, race, suspected versus confirmed COVID-19 cases, alcohol amount consumed per week, and annual household income.
The baseline data of 147 participants were available for analysis. BMI had a statistically significant positive association with baseline SHAPS total scores (β = 0.003, 95% CI [6.251E-5, 0.006], p = 0.045), indicating elevated BMI is associated with deficits in self-reported reward system functioning.
Higher BMI is associated with greater deficits in hedonic tone in persons with PCC, which may impact reward functioning processes such as reward prediction and processing. The mediatory effect of BMI on reward function underscores the need to investigate the neurobiologic interactions to elucidate preventative and therapeutic interventions for persons with PCC. Therapeutic development targeting debilitating features of PCC (e.g., motivation, cognitive dysfunction) could consider stratification on the basis of baseline BMI.
NCT05047952.

Gamification entails integrating game design elements, including rewards, points, competition, and interactive challenges, into non-game contexts to engage and motivate individuals. In the context of green consumption, gamification can encourage individuals to acquire more sustainable consumption behaviors. The proposed study aims to examine the influence of gamification on green consumption behavior among Chinese university students. However, university students are considered an important target group for such interventions due to their technological savvy and high interest in environmental issues. A self-determination theory (SDT) was used to measure the motivating factors of gamification for adopting green consumption behavior-a convenience sampling technique in which survey-based research designs were used to collect the data. A survey was conducted on a sample of 332 university students in China, using a questionnaire with structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses and assess the proposed relationships between the variables. The finding of this study reveals that gamification has a significant negative relation with green consumption behavior. Further, technological awareness, hedonic motivation, and perceived enjoyment significantly mediate the relationship between gamification and green consumption behavior. Additionally, virtual CSR significantly moderates the relationship between gamification and technological awareness, hedonic motivation, and perceived enjoyment. The findings of this study could have implications for the development of more effective interventions for policy makers and industrialists aimed at promoting sustainable consumption behaviors in China.