Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of breast angiomatosis. Methods: Six cases of breast angiomatosis diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, the Seventh Medical Center, People\'s Liberation Army General Hospital and the Department of Pathology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from January 2011 to December 2023 were evaluated and reviewed. Results: All patients were female with an average age of 46 years at presentation, ranging from 25 to 62 years. The most common clinical presentation was a palpable unilateral breast mass with diameter ranging from 7 to 14 cm, and the average size was 11 cm. Histologically, all cases were composed of variably-sized ectatic, thin-walled blood vessels with minimal to no apparent smooth muscle, lined by flat normochromic endothelium without atypia, and diffusely infiltrating the breast stroma. Where present, the lesional vessels infiltrated between and around terminal duct lobular units but not into individual intralobular stroma. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31, CD34, Factor Ⅷ, Fli-1 and D2-40 revealed positive expression in vascular and/or lymphatic endothelial cells. Additionally, the Ki-67 proliferation index was found to be less than 1%. Conclusions: Angiomatosis of the breast is a rare benign vascular lesion. Distinguishing it from low-grade angiosarcoma requires careful consideration of the growth pattern, atypical features, and Ki-67 proliferation index.
目的： 探讨乳腺血管瘤病的临床病理特征及病理诊断。 方法： 收集解放军总医院第七医学中心病理科及北京中医药大学东直门医院病理科2011年1月至2023年12月诊断的共6例乳腺血管瘤病患者，分析其临床病理资料并复习相关文献。 结果： 6例患者均为女性，年龄范围25~62岁，平均年龄46岁。临床常表现为可触及的单侧乳腺肿块，肿瘤最大径7~14 cm，平均11 cm。组织学上，6例均表现为血管、淋巴管弥漫性增生，脉管腔扩张、大小不等、互相吻合、管壁薄，无/极少见平滑肌，内皮细胞扁平、无异型性，病变弥漫性浸润乳腺间质，但不破坏乳腺终末导管小叶单位。CD31、CD34、第Ⅷ因子相关抗原、Fli-1、D2-40等免疫组织化学染色结果显示血管和/或淋巴管内皮细胞阳性，Ki-67阳性指数均<1%。 结论： 乳腺血管瘤病是一种罕见的良性脉管性病变，与低级别血管肉瘤的鉴别需要关注病变生长模式、内皮细胞形态和Ki-67阳性指数。.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of recurrent chronic inflammatory disorders associated with autoimmune dysregulation, typically characterized by neutrophil infiltration and mucosal inflammatory lesions. Neutrophils, as the earliest immune cells to arrive at inflamed tissues, play a dual role in the onset and progression of mucosal inflammation in IBD. Most of these cells specifically express CD177, a molecule increasingly recognized for its critical role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Under IBD-related inflammatory stimuli, CD177 is highly expressed on neutrophils and promotes their migration. CD177 + neutrophils activate bactericidal and barrier-protective functions at IBD mucosal inflammation sites and regulate the release of inflammatory mediators highly correlated with the severity of inflammation in IBD patients, thus playing a dual role. However, mitigating the detrimental effects of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease remains a challenge. Based on these data, we have summarized recent articles on the role of neutrophils in intestinal inflammation, with a particular emphasis on CD177, which mediates the recruitment, transepithelial migration, and activation of neutrophils, as well as their functional consequences. A better understanding of CD177 + neutrophils may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets to selectively modulate the protective role of this class of cells in IBD.

Osteogenesis is tightly coupled with angiogenesis spatiotemporally. Previous studies have demonstrated that type H blood vessel formed by endothelial cells with high expression of CD31 and Emcn (CD31hi Emcnhi ECs) play a crucial role in bone regeneration. The mechanism of the molecular communication around CD31hi Emcnhi ECs and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the osteogenic microenvironment is unclear. This study indicates that exosomes from bone mesenchymal stem cells with 7 days osteogenic differentiation (7D-BMSCs-exo) may promote CD31hi Emcnhi ECs angiogenesis, which was verified by tube formation assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and µCT assays etc. in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by exosomal miRNA microarray and WGCNA assays, we identified downregulated miR-150-5p as the most relative hub gene coupling osteogenic differentiation and type H blood vessel angiogenesis. With bioinformatics assays, dual luciferase reporter experiments, qRT-PCR and Western blot assays, SOX2(SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2) was confirmed as a novel downstream target gene of miR-150-5p in exosomes, which might be a pivotal mechanism regulating CD31hi Emcnhi ECs formation. Additionally, JC-1 immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and seahorse assay results showed that the overexpression of SOX2 could shift metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis to enhance the CD31hi Emcnhi ECs formation. The PI3k/Akt signaling pathway might play a key role in this process. In summary, BMSCs in osteogenic differentiation might secrete exosomes with low miR-150-5p expression to induce type H blood vessel formation by mediating SOX2 overexpression in ECs. These findings might reveal a molecular mechanism of osteogenesis coupled with type H blood vessel angiogenesis in the osteogenic microenvironment and provide a new therapeutic target or cell-free remedy for osteogenesis impaired diseases.

Synovitis is characterized by a distinctmetabolic profile featuring the accumulation of lactate, a byproduct of cellular metabolism within inflamed joints. This study reveals that the activation of the CD31 signal by lactate instigates a metabolic shift, specifically initiating endothelial cell autophagy. This adaptive process plays a pivotal role in fulfilling the augmented energy and biomolecule demands associated with the formation of new blood vessels in the synovium of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Additionally, the amino acid substitutions in the CD31 cytoplasmic tail at the Y663F and Y686F sites of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) alleviate RA. Mechanistically, this results in the downregulation of glycolysis and autophagy pathways. These findings significantly advance our understanding of potential therapeutic strategies for modulating these processes in synovitis and, potentially, other autoimmune diseases.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) presents impediment to wound healing. While ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure showed therapeutic potential in various skin conditions, its capacity to mediate diabetic wound healing remains unclear. To investigate the efficacy of UVB on wound healing and its underlying basis.
METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to the high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin administration to establish the diabetic model. Upon confirmation of diabetes, full-thickness wounds were inflicted and the treatment group received UVB radiation at 50 mJ/cm2 for 5 min every alternate day for 2 weeks. Wound healing rate was then assessed, accompanied by evaluations of blood glucose, lipid profiles, CD31 expression, and concentrations of ghrelin and leptin. Concurrently, in vitro studies were executed to evaluate the protective role of ghrelin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) under high glucose (HG) conditions.
RESULTS: Post UVB exposure, there was a marked acceleration in wound healing in DM mice without alterations in hyperglycemia and lipid profiles. Compared to non-UVB-exposed mice, the UVB group showed enhanced angiogenesis manifested by a surge in CD31 expression. This trend appeared to be in harmony with the elevated ghrelin levels. In vitro experiments indicated that ghrelin significantly enhanced the migratory pace and angiogenic properties of HUVEC under HG-induced stress, potentially mediated by an upregulation in vascular endothelial growth factor expression.
CONCLUSIONS: UVB exposure bolstered wound healing in diabetic mice, plausibly mediated through augmented angiogenesis induced by ghrelin secretion. Such findings underscore the vast potential of UVB-induced ghrelin in therapeutic strategies targeting diabetic wound healing.

The effective treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) remains a significant challenge. Patients with ALI demonstrate an abundance of proinflammatory mediators in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and circulating plasma. Bardoxolone methyl (BM) is a semi-synthetic triterpenoid derived from oleanolic acid, a natural product known for its ability to inhibit proinflammatory signaling. GSDMD is a signaling protein involved in pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death. It has been reported that its upstream proteins play a role in the pathogenesis of ALI. However, there is currently no research examining whether the effect of BM on the occurrence and development of ALI is associated with changes in GSDMD protein. In this study, we prepared nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with BM and conjugated with anti-PECAM-1 antibody (PECAM@BM NLCs). PECAM@BM NLCs were designed to specifically bind to pulmonary vascular endothelial cells that highly express the PECAM-1 receptors. We also aimed to investigate the protective effects of PECAM@BM NLCs on ALI and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that PECAM@BM NLCs accumulated in the lung tissues and significantly alleviated the inflammatory injury of ALI. This was evidenced by the changes in the lung wet/dry ratio, the total protein concentration, proinflammatory cytokines in BALF, and the histopathological progress. Additionally, we elucidated that PECAM@BM NLCs had the ability to inhibit the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome and pro-caspase-1 complex, thereby suppressing the induction of pyroptosis. This mechanism resulted in the inhibition of N-terminal GSDMD expression and effectively prevented the progression of ALI.

BACKGROUND: Arsenic trioxide (ATO), the first-line drug in treating acute premyelogenous leukemia, has the profound side effect of inducing endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and causing cardiac fibrosis. Diosgenin (DIO), a pharmaceutical compound found in Paris polyphylla, exhibits promising potential in safeguarding cardiovascular health by mitigating EndMT.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of DIO in ATO-induced myocardial fibrosis to provide a novel therapeutic agent for ATO-induced cardiac fibrosis.
METHODS: Wistar rats were given DIO by gavage and ATO by tail vein. Cardiac function and fibrosis were evaluated by echocardiography and Masson\'s trichrome staining in rats. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were utilized to analyze ATO-induced EndMT in vitro. The cytoskeleton of HAECs was visualized using F-actin staining to observe cell morphology, while Dil-Ac-LDL staining was employed to assess cell functionality. EndMT-related factors (CD31 and α-SMA), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, GR was knocked down by si-GR, and IL-6 was blocked by IL-6 neutralizing antibody to verify their role in the effect of DIO on ATO-induced EndMT in HAECs.
RESULTS: DIO exhibited significant efficacy in ATO-induced damage to both cardiac diastolic and systolic function, along with mitigating cardiac fibrosis. Additionally, DIO alleviated the loss of cytoskeletal anisotropy and enhanced the uptake of Dil-Ac-LDL in HAECs. Furthermore, it reversed the ATO-induced downregulation of endothelial-specific markers CD31 and GR, while suppressing the upregulation of mesenchymal markers α-SMA and IL-6, both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, the protective effect of DIO was compromised upon knockdown of GR, which also led to a reversal of DIO-induced IL-6 downregulation. Furthermore, the neutralization of IL-6 with specific antibodies abolished the ATO-induced changes related to EndMT.
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we clarified the protective effect of DIO on ATO-induced myocardial fibrosis against EndMT via the GR/IL-6 axis for the first time and provided a potential therapeutic agent for preventing heart damage caused by ATO.

暂无摘要。

An optimum safety excision margin (EM) delineated by precise demarcation of field cancerization along with reliable biomarkers that enable predicting and timely evaluating patients\' response to immunotherapy significantly impact effective management of melanoma. In this study, optimized biphasic \"immunofluorescence staining integrated with fluorescence insitu hybridization\" (iFISH) was conducted along the diagnosis-metastasis-treatment-cellular MRD axis to longitudinally co-detect a full spectrum of intact CD31- aneuploid tumor cells (TCs), CD31+ aneuploid tumor endothelial cells (TECs), viable and necrotic circulating TCs (CTCs) and circulating TECs (CTECs) expressing PD-L1, Ki67, p16 and Vimentin in unsliced specimens of the resected primary tumor, EM, dissected sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and peripheral blood in an early-stage melanoma patient. Numerous PD-L1+ aneuploid TCs and TECs were detected at the conventional safety EM (2 cm), quantitatively indicating the existence of a field cancerized EM for the first time. Contrary to highly heterogeneous PD-L1 expression and degrees of Chr8 aneuploidy in TCs and TECs in the primary lesions as well as CTCs and CTECs in peripheral blood, almost all TCs and TECs in SLNs and EM were homogeneously PD-L1+ haploid cells. Dynamic monitoring and cellular MRD assessment revealed that, in contrast to PD-L1+ CTCs being responsive to the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI-anti-PD-1), multiploid (≥pentasomy 8) PD-L1+ and Ki67+ CTECs were respectively resistant to ICI-sensitized T cells. In therapeutically stressed lymphatic and hematogenous metastatic cascades, stratified phenotypic and karyotypic profiling of iFISH tissue and liquid biopsied TCs, TECs, CTCs and CTECs in future large-cohort studies will enable appropriate re-specification of the optimal safety EM and distribution mapping of in-depth characterized, subcategorized target cells to help illustrate their metastatic relevance, ultimately improving risk stratification and clinical intervention of tumor progression, metastases, therapy resistance and cancer relapse.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of \"Zusanli\"(ST36) and\"Xuehai\"(SP10) on the angiogenesis of the local injured skin tissue in mice with psoriasis, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of psoriasis-induced skin lesions.
METHODS: A total of 24 female BALB/c mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into control, model and EA groups, with 8 mice in each group. The psoriasis-like skin lesion model was established by application of 5% imiquimod (IMQ) cream to the mice\'s back skin, 62.5 mg/d, for 7 days after local depilation, and the mice of the control group received local application of an equal amount of petroleum jelly once a day for 7 days. EA stimulation (2 Hz/100 Hz) was applied to ST36 and SP10 for 30 min, once daily for 7 consecutive days. Photos of the topical injured skin at the back were taken every day, and the severity of psoriasis lesions (psoriasis area and severity index ［PASI］) was scaled. Following H.E. staining, the morphological changes in the injured skin tissue were observed with epidermal thickness analyzed, and the Masson staining was used to observe the proportion of collagen fibers in the injured skin tissues. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of microvascular markers CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the microvascular density (MVD) was calculated. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of CD31, VEGF proteins and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway related proteins p38, phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), p-ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p-JNK in the injured skin tissue.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the mice in the model group showed an evident increase in the erythema score, scales score, skin thickening score and PASI score, epidermal thickness, proportion of the collagen fibers, MVD value of CD31 and VEGF, and expression levels of CD31 and VEGF proteins, and p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK ratios in the injured skin tissue (P<0.001, P<0.01). In contrast to the model group, the EA group had a significant decrease in the levels of all the indexes mentioned above (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: EA intervention can improve the psoriasis-like skin lesions induced by IMQ in mice, which may be related with its functions in down-regulating the expression of angiogenic related factors CD31 and VEGF proteins and MAPK signaling pathway related proteins in the topical injured skin tissue.
目的: 观察电针“足三里”“血海”对咪喹莫特（IMQ）诱导的小鼠银屑病皮损组织血管生成的影响，探讨电针缓解银屑病皮损的机制。方法: 选取24只雌性BALB/c小鼠，随机分为空白对照组、模型组、电针组，每组8只。模型组、电针组小鼠用5% IMQ乳膏对其背部皮肤进行涂抹以诱导银屑病模型；电针组小鼠在造模同时给予电针双侧“足三里”“血海”，1次/d，30 min/次，连续7 d。每天对小鼠背部皮损处皮肤拍照，采用银屑病面积和严重程度指数（PASI）进行评分，观察小鼠皮损动态变化；HE染色观察皮损组织形态学变化、表皮厚度及炎性细胞浸润程度；Masson染色观察并计算皮损组织胶原纤维占比；免疫组织化学法检测皮损组织微血管标志物CD31、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的阳性表达并计算微血管密度（MVD）；Western blot法检测皮损组织中CD31、VEGF及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路相关蛋白p38、磷酸化（p）-p38、细胞外调节蛋白激酶（ERK）、p-ERK、c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）、p-JNK的表达水平。结果: 与空白对照组相比，模型组小鼠背部皮肤出现红斑、鳞屑、皮肤增厚症状，第7天红斑、鳞屑、皮肤增厚程度评分及总PASI评分升高（P<0.001），表皮明显增厚（P<0.001），胶原纤维占比、皮肤组织CD31及VEGF的MVD值、皮肤组织CD31、VEGF的蛋白表达水平及MAPK信号通路相关蛋白p-p38/p38、p-ERK/ERK、p-JNK/JNK比值明显升高（P<0.001，P<0.01）。与模型组相比，电针组小鼠背部皮损明显改善，第7天红斑、鳞屑、皮肤增厚程度评分及总PASI评分显著下降（P<0.05，P<0.01），表皮厚度明显降低（P<0.001），皮损组织胶原纤维占比明显减少（P<0.01），皮损组织CD31、VEGF的MVD值、皮损组织CD31、VEGF的蛋白表达水平及MAPK信号通路相关蛋白p-p38/p38、p-ERK/ERK、p-JNK/JNK比值明显降低（P<0.05，P<0.001，P<0.01）。结论: 电针“足三里”“血海”可改善IMQ诱导的小鼠银屑病样皮损改变，其作用机制可能是通过调控MAPK信号通路抑制皮损处血管生成相关因子CD31和VEGF的表达，从而改善银屑病皮损症状。.