BACKGROUND: Sudden ocular dyskinesia is usually associated with ophthalmic diseases and rarely with cerebrovascular diseases. This is a rare case of a patient with a sudden onset of ocular dyskinesia due to occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the spiral modiolar artery. This article describes eye movement disorders associated with cerebrovascular disease, aiming to improve our understanding of cerebrovascular diseases and improve the ability of early diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
METHODS: A 52-year-old man presented with acute pontine cerebral infarction 2 days before presentation. The main symptoms were the inability to adduct and abduct the left eyeball, the ability to abduct but not adduct the right eyeball, and horizontal nystagmus during abduction. Cranial computed tomography in our emergency department suggested cerebral infarction, and magnetic resonance imaging examination after admission confirmed the diagnosis of acute pontine cerebral infarction.
METHODS: This patient was ultimately diagnosed with acute pontine cerebral infarction.
METHODS: He received aspirin, clopidogrel, and butylphthalide, as well as acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine.
RESULTS: After 10 days of treatment, the patient\'s paralysis of the eye muscles improved significantly.
CONCLUSIONS: Eye movement disorders are sometimes an early warning sign of impending vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke. Patients with acute ischemic stroke who have early detection of oculomotor disturbances should be promptly imaged, as missed diagnosis may lead to serious consequences or even death. It provided us with a new diagnostic idea.

CONCLUSIONS: Visual midline shifts are thought to occur post-stroke and be a risk factor for falls. This study investigates a new method for quantifying visual midline shifts, a first step toward developing greater understanding of visual midline shift.
OBJECTIVE: This study standardized the parameters of a novel visual midline gauge, compared the results with the current clinical method, and presents normative data and repeatability of both methods.
METHODS: Ninety-three participants without neurological or ocular problems were recruited in Canada and Hong Kong. In experiment 1, horizontal and vertical visual midlines were measured using the gauge for two speeds and two repositioning methods. In experiment 2, visual midline was measured for three distances using a target speed and repositioning method chosen based on the first experiment. Visual midlines were also measured using the current clinical method during both visits.
RESULTS: There were no significant effects of age, speed, study location, or repositioning method on visual midline positions (all p>0.05). For the horizontal direction, measurements at 25 cm were different from those at 50 (p=0.03) and 100 cm (p=0.001). For the vertical direction, there was no such effect. The measurements were found to be repeatable to within approximately 3°. In both visits, there were significant correlations between measurements using the visual midline gauge and the clinical method for the vertical direction (all p<.001) but not for the horizontal direction (all p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of visual midline is tolerant of differences in target speed, testing method, and age of the participants, and the visual midline gauge measurements are repeatable.

OBJECTIVE: With the discovery of the potential role of gait and eye movement disorders in Parkinson\'s disease (PD) recognition, we intend to investigate the combined diagnostic value of gait and eye movement disorders for PD.
METHODS: We enrolled some Chinese PD patients and healthy controls and separated them into the training and validation sets based on enrollment time. Performance in five oculomotor paradigms and in one gait paradigm was examined using an infrared eye tracking device and a wearable gait analysis device. We developed and validated a combined model for PD diagnosis via multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, subgroup comparisons and multi-model comparison were performed to assess its applicability and advantages.
RESULTS: A total of 145 PD patients and 80 healthy controls in China were recruited. The pro-saccade velocity, the trunk-sway max, and the turn mean angular velocity were finally screened out for the model development. Incorporating age factor, the ternary model demonstrated more satisfactory performance on ROC (AUC of 0.953 in the training set and AUC of 0.972 in the validation set), calibration curve, and decision curve. A nomogram was drawn to visualize the model. The combined model outperforms individual models with a broad application and the unique diagnostic value for early detection of PD patients, especially TD-PD patients.
CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the presence of gait and eye movement disorders, as well as the feasibility, applicability, and superiority of employing them together to diagnose PD.

BACKGROUND: Trauma-induced orbital blowout fracture (OBF) with eyeball displacement into the maxillary sinus is rare.
METHODS: We present the case of a 14-year-old with a closed head injury, OBF, and displacement of the eyeball into the maxillary sinus following a car accident. A prompt transconjunctival access surgery was performed for eyeball repositioning and orbital reconstruction in a single session, mitigating anaesthesia-related risks associated with multiple surgeries. At the 12-month follow-up, his visual acuity was 20/200. Despite limited eye movement and optic nerve atrophy, overall satisfaction with the ocular appearance was achieved.
CONCLUSIONS: This report offers novel insights into the mechanisms of OBF occurrence and the development of postoperative complications.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of re-tucking the superior oblique muscle on recurrent or residual compensatory head position. Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted. 12 recurrent or residual compensatory head position patients (12 eyes) with congenital superior oblique palsy who underwent superior oblique re-tucking in Tianjin Eye Hospital from March 2015 to February 2021 were included. All patients had a history of superior oblique tucking procedure and showed signs of superior oblique muscle palsy without inferior oblique muscle overaction. During surgery, the Guyton forced duction test is used to evaluate the relaxation of the superior oblique muscle tendon, which affects the re-tucking length of the muscle.Their head position, vertical deviation, eye movement, fovea-disa angle, and Bielschowsky head tilt test were assessed pre-and post-surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using ttest and paired samples Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Out of the 12 patients, 8 were male and 4 were female, aged between 2 and 9 years. The initial surgery was done at age 6, with a superior oblique recession length of (7.17±1.03) mm. Recurrent head tilt occurred in 11 patients after (3.82±0.98) months postoperatively, and 1 patient had residual head tilt, with a followup period of six months or more. Ocular motility examination revealed underaction of the superior oblique muscle, positive Bielschowsky\'s head tilt test, and Guyton forced duction tese indicating relaxation of the paralyzed superior oblique muscle tendon. Scar adhesion was observed at the stop of the superior oblique muscle, as well as the previous sutures. The scar and the sutures around the stop of the superior oblique muscle were released, the mean re-tucking amount was(7.83±1.59)mm. Follow-up at 12 to 18 months postoperatively showed disappearance of compensatory head position, significant improvement in superior oblique muscle lag, normal ocular motility, and no occurrence of Brown syndrome. The results of Bielschowsky head tilt were negative in 9 cases and still positive in 3 cases after superior oblique re-tucking. The primary vertical deviation was 2.5 (2.0, 5.3) prism diopter pre-operatively and 1 (0, 1) prism diopter post-operatively, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (U=6.00, P<0.001). The total amount of FDA in both eyes was (-22.04±5.47)° and (-15.27±6.08)° pre-and post-operatively, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (t=2.87, P=0.009). All 12 patients have normal eye movement after superior oblique re-tucking procedure. All patients had no compensatory head position at last follow-up. Conclusions: Superior oblique re-tucking is suitable for patients with relaxation of the superior oblique muscle tendon and extrocular rotation as the main sign. It can effectively and safely correct the recurrent or residual compensatory head position after re-tucking the superior oblique muscle.
目的： 观察上斜肌再折叠术矫正先天性上斜肌麻痹患者首次手术后复发或残留代偿头位的临床疗效。 方法： 回顾性系列病例研究。收集2015年3月至2021年7月行上斜肌再折叠术治疗复发或残留代偿头位的12例（12只眼）先天性上斜肌麻痹患者的临床资料，患者均有上斜肌折叠术史，术后残留或复发代偿头位，第一眼位垂直斜视度数较小，眼球运动检查见受累眼上斜肌运动落后，不伴同侧下斜肌亢进。术中全身麻醉下行Guyton被动牵拉试验评估上斜肌肌腱松弛程度，根据上斜肌肌腱松弛程度来决定上斜肌再折叠长度。随访并观察患者手术前后代偿头位、第一眼位垂直斜视度数、眼球运动、彩色眼底相、Bielschowsky征的变化。采用t检验和配对样本秩和检验进行统计学分析。 结果： 12例患者中，男性8例，女性4例；年龄范围为2~9岁，首次手术年龄为6（5，7）岁，首次上斜肌折叠术的上斜肌折叠长度为（7.17±1.03）mm，11例患者术后（3.82±0.98）个月出现复发歪头，1例患者为术后残留歪头，复发或残留头位随访半年及以上。所有患者眼球运动检查提示上斜肌落后，Bielschowsky征阳性，术中Guyton被动牵拉试验提示麻痹眼上斜肌肌腱松弛，探查上斜肌后松解上斜肌止端周围瘢痕，根据牵拉试验的上斜肌肌腱松弛程度行上斜肌再折叠术，再次折叠上斜肌的长度为（7.83±1.59）mm。术后随访12~18个月，患者术后代偿头位均消失，上斜肌落后明显改善，眼球运动正常，无Brown综合征发生。9例患者Bielschowsky征转为阴性，3例患者仍为阳性。术前第一眼位斜视度数为2.5（2.0，5.3）三棱镜度，术后为1（0，1）三棱镜度，两者差异有统计学意义（U=6.00，P<0.001）。黄斑中心凹-视盘中心夹角度数（FDA）术前为（-22.04±5.47）°，术后为（-15.27±6.08）°，差异有统计学意义（t=2.87，P=0.009）。所有患者歪头症状均得到满意改善，随访效果稳定，未发生回退。 结论： 上斜肌再折叠术适用于上斜肌肌腱松弛和以眼球外旋转为主要体征的上斜肌麻痹患者，能有效且安全地矫正上斜肌折叠术后复发或残留的代偿头位。.

Objective: To summarize the clinical and prognostic features of children with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS). Methods: A total of 46 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of OMAS in the Department of Neurology, Beijing Children\'s Hospital from June 2015 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Centralized online consultations or telephone visits were conducted between June and August 2023. The data of the children during hospitalization and follow-up were collected, including clinical manifestations, assistant examination, treatment and prognosis. According to the presence or absence of tumor, the patients were divided into two groups. The chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. Univariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors related to OMAS recurrence and prognosis. Results: There were 46 patients, with 25 males and the onset age of 1.5 (1.2, 2.4) years. Twenty-six (57%) patients were diagnosed with neuroblastoma during the course of the disease, and no patients were categorized into the high-risk group. A total of 36 patients (78%) were followed up for≥6 months, and all of them were treated with first-line therapy with glucocorticoids, gammaglobulin and (or) adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Among the 36 patients, 9 patients (25%) were treated with second-line therapy for ≥3 months, including rituximab or cyclophosphamide, and 17 patients (47%) received chemotherapy related to neuroblastoma. At the follow-up time of 4.2 (2.2, 5.5) years, 10 patients (28%) had relapsed of OMAS. The Mitchell and Pike OMS rating scale score at the final follow-up was 0.5 (0, 2.0). Seven patients (19%) were mildly cognitively behind their peers and 6 patients (17%) were severely behind. Only 1 patient had tumor recurrence during follow-up. The history of vaccination or infection before onset was more common in the non-tumor group than in the tumor group (55%(11/20) vs. 23%(6/26), χ²=4.95, P=0.026). Myoclonus occurred more frequently in the non-tumor group (40%(8/20) vs. 4%(1/26), χ²=7.23, P=0.007) as the onset symptom. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the tumor group had less recurrence (OR=0.19 (0.04-0.93), P=0.041). The use of second-line therapy or chemotherapy within 6 months of the disease course had a better prognosis (OR=11.64 (1.27-106.72), P=0.030). Conclusions: OMAS in children mostly starts in early childhood, and about half are combined with neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma in combination with OMAS usually has a low risk classification and good prognosis. When comparing patients with OMAS with and without tumors, the latter have a more common infection or vaccination triggers, and myoclonus, as the onset symptom, is more common. Early addition of second-line therapy is associated with better prognosis in OMAS.
目的： 总结儿童眼球阵挛-肌阵挛-共济失调综合征（OMAS）患儿的临床及预后特征。 方法： 对2015年6月至2023年6月于北京儿童医院神经内科住院的46例OMAS患儿进行回顾性病例分析。并在2023年6至8月对患儿进行集中的互联网诊疗或电话访视。收集患儿住院和门诊随访期间的病例资料，包括临床表现、辅助检查、治疗及预后情况等。根据患儿是否合并肿瘤分为两组，组间比较采用χ²检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。使用单因素Logistic回归分析OMAS复发和预后相关因素。 结果： 46例患儿中男25例，起病年龄1.5（1.2，2.4）岁。26例（57%）患儿病程中确诊神经母细胞瘤，无患儿高危。36例（78%）患儿随访≥6个月，这36例患儿均使用糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白和（或）促肾上腺皮质激素作为一线治疗，其中9例（25%）使用二线治疗≥3个月（包括利妥昔单抗和环磷酰胺），17例（47%）使用神经母细胞瘤相关的化疗；随访4.2（2.2，5.5）年，10例（28%）患儿出现OMAS复发。36例患儿末次随访时Mitchell and Pike OMS评分量表评分为0.5（0，2.0）分，7例（19%）认知轻度落后于同龄儿，6例（17%）重度落后。仅1例患儿在随访中出现肿瘤复发。未合并肿瘤组起病前疫苗接种或感染病史较合并肿瘤组更多见［55%（11/20）比23%（6/26），χ²=4.95，P=0.026］，首发症状肌阵挛出现更频繁［40%（8/20）比4%（1/26），χ²=7.23，P=0.007］。Logistic单因素回归分析发现，合并肿瘤组比未合并肿瘤组更少出现复发［OR=0.19（0.04~0.93），P=0.041］，病程6个月内使用二线治疗或化疗预后更好［OR=11.64（1.27~106.72），P=0.030］。 结论： 儿童OMAS多于幼儿期起病，约半数合并神经母细胞瘤。合并OMAS的神经母细胞瘤通常危险分级低，预后好。对比合并和未合并肿瘤的OMAS患儿，后者起病前感染或接种疫苗诱因更常见，首发症状肌阵挛更多见。早期加用二线治疗与OMAS更好的预后相关。.

暂无摘要。

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the treatment plan and prognosis of children with ocular dyskinesia and hemifacial spasm secondary to pontine tumours adjacent to the fourth ventricle.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, the clinical information of 10 consecutively collected children with ocular dyskinesia and hemifacial spasm secondary to pontine tumours adjacent to the fourth ventricle was analyzed. All 10 children underwent pontine tumour resection through a trans-cerebellomedullary fissure approach; 4 children underwent preoperative diffusion tensor imaging scans to determine the relationship between the tumour and facial nerve nucleus, and the other 6 children underwent intraoperative deep electroencephalography (EEG) tumour monitoring, in which the tumour electrical discharge activity of the tumour was recorded. A voxel distribution map was established to describe the distribution of the tumour location, and patient prognosis was evaluated through clinical and imaging follow-up.
RESULTS: All 10 children achieved total tumour resection; 9 tumours were pathologically suggested to be ganglioglioma (WHO grade I), and 1 was a hamartoma. The symptoms of the original ocular dyskinesia and hemifacial spasm disappeared immediately after the operation. The children were followed up for 4-75 months, and none of the symptoms recurred; four cases with preoperative diffusion tensor imaging showed that the tumour was close to the facial nerve. Four in six intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring showed that the tumour had electrical discharge behaviour, and the tumour distribution map indicates a high density of tumour presence in the facial nerve nucleus and the nucleus of the abducens nerve.
CONCLUSIONS: In paediatric patients, the facial symptoms are related to the location and abnormal electrical discharge of the tumour. There is no significant correlation between ocular dyskinesia and the location of the tumour. Conventional antiepileptic therapy for this disease is ineffective, and early surgical intervention for total tumour resection can achieve a clinical curative effect.

暂无摘要。

To describe the refractive profile of surgical patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT) residing in southern China.
Medical records of patients who received strabismus surgery between June 2014 and August 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data, including age, sex, refractive errors, preoperative angle of deviation, types of exotropia, accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio (AC/A ratio) and stereopsis, were investigated.
A total of 2250 patients were included, and 93.6% of patients were younger than 30 years of age. The mean angle of exodeviation was 37.0 ± 14.7 prism degree (PD) and 37.5 ± 15.8 PD at distance and near, respectively. Mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) values were -0.7 ± 2.4 D and -0.8 ± 2.5 D in the dominant eye and nondominant eye, respectively. Significant differences in SER were observed between the dominant eye and nondominant eye among children at 6 years old or younger. The percentage of myopia increased from 11.0% in children (≤6 years old) to 77.9% in teenagers (13-18 years of age). Significant positive associations between the magnitude of exodeviation and the magnitude of myopia were observed (p < 0.0001). Patients with convergence insufficiency type IXT (p < 0.0001) or AC/A < 2 (p < 0.05) showed a greater magnitude of myopia. The mild hyperopia group included a larger proportion of subjects showing a certain degree of stereopsis (p < 0.05).
Myopia was present in more than half of our patients (51.2%), which is much higher than the percentage in the general population of southern China. Patients with convergence insufficiency, an AC/A ratio < 2, or a larger angle of deviation tended to have a greater magnitude of myopia.