Objective:For tympanosclerosis patients with ossicular chain fixation, we use ossicular chain bypass technique and evaluate its long-term effects. Methods:From June 2017 to June 2019, 147 patients with tympanosclerosis who underwent middle ear surgery with otoscopy in Yinchuan First People\'s Hospital were reviewed. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the implemented operation plan, 51 cases in the ossicular chain mobilization group（OCM）, 56 cases in the ossicular chain bypass reconstruction group（OCB）, and 40 cases in the malleus-incus complex resection reconstruction group（MICR）. Through a three-year follow-up, the medium and long-term effects of different operation plans were compared and analyzed. Results:There was no significant difference among the three groups in the incidence of tympanic membrane perforation, delayed facial nerve palsy, and the dispatch and displacement of PORP. The incidence of tympanic membrane retraction pocket or cholesteatoma after operation in OCB group（0） was significantly lower than that in OCM group（11.76%） and MICR group（7.5%）（P<0.05）. At 12 months after operation, ΔABG of OCB group and MICR group were better than that in the OCM group（P<0.05）. At 36 months after operation, ΔABG of OCB group was better than that in the OCM group（P<0.05）, and there was no significant difference between OCB group and MICR group. The audiological performance of patients with epitympanic sclerosis（ETS） at 12, 24 and 36 months after operation was better than that of patients with posterior tympanosclerosis（PTS） and total tympanosclerosis（TTS）（P<0.05）. Conclusion:Compared with patients undergoing ossicular chain mobilization and malleus-incus complex resection for ossicular chain reconstruction, patients with tympanosclerosis undergoing bypass technique have better and stable hearing prognosis in medium and long term. This technique can effectively prevent the formation of retracted pocket and cholesteatoma in patients with tympanosclerosis after operation.
目的：应用听骨链短路技术治疗伴有听骨链固定的鼓室硬化患者，评价分析手术中远期疗效。 方法：回顾2017年6月至2019年6月于银川市第一人民医院接受耳内镜中耳手术的鼓室硬化患者147例，根据所实施的手术方案将研究对象分为3组，即听骨链松解术（OCM）组51例，听骨链短路技术（OCB）组56例，锤砧复合体切除听骨链重建术（MICR）组40例，通过为期3年的术后随访，对比分析不同手术方案的中远期疗效。 结果：3组在术后鼓膜再穿孔、迟发性面神经麻痹、人工听骨排出及移位发生率比较差异无统计学意义。术后鼓膜内陷袋形成或胆脂瘤的发生率比较，OCB组（0）显著优于OCM组（11.76%）和MICR组（7.5%）（P<0.05）。使用ΔABG来评价术后气骨导差的改善程度，术后12个月OCB组及MICR组均优于OCM组（P<0.05）。术后36个月OCB组ΔABG高于OCM组（P<0.05），OCB组与MICR组在术后36个月ΔABG比较，差异无统计学意义。上鼓室型鼓室硬化（ETS）患者术后12、24及36个月听力学表现优于后鼓室型（PTS）及全鼓室型鼓室硬化（TTS）（P<0.05）。 结论：接受短路技术听骨链重建手术的鼓室硬化患者，相较于接受听骨链松解术以及锤砧复合体切除听骨链重建手术的患者，其听力预后在中远期表现更加优秀且稳定。该技术可以有效预防鼓室硬化患者术后鼓膜内陷袋形成及胆脂瘤的发生。.

OBJECTIVE: A special presentation of foreign body granuloma originating from the lateral process of the malleus (FBGLP) was noted in the absence of a history of foreign body entry into the external auditory canal (EAC). This study reported the clinical features, pathology, and prognosis of patients with FBGLP.
METHODS: Retrospective study.
METHODS: Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital.
METHODS: Nineteen pediatric patients (age, 1-10 yr) with FBGLP.
METHODS: Clinical data were collected from January 2018 to January 2022.
METHODS: Clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients were analyzed.
RESULTS: All patients had an acute course, and were within 3 months of ineffective medical treatment. The most common symptoms were suppurative (57.9%) and hemorrhagic (42.1%) otorrhea. FBGLP imaging examinations demonstrated a soft mass blocking the EAC without bone destruction and occasionally concomitant effusion in the middle ear. The most common pathologic findings were foreign body granuloma (94.7%,18/19), granulation tissue (73.7%, 14/19), keratotic precipitate (73.7%, 14/19), calcium deposition (63.2%, 12/19), hair shafts (47.4%, 9/19), cholesterol crystals (5, 26.3%), and hemosiderin (15.8%, 3/19). Foreign body granuloma and granulation tissue showed higher expression levels of CD68 and cleaved caspase-3 than did the normal tympanic mucosa, whereas Ki-67 levels were similarly low in all tissues. The patients were followed up for 3 months to 4 years without recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: FBGLP is caused by endogenous foreign particles in the ear. We recommend the trans-external auditory meatus approach for FBGLP surgical excision, as this shows promising outcomes.

Objective: To evaluate the application of 10 μm otology CT on evaluation of isolated malleus fixation (IMF) in patients with conductive hearing loss. Methods: A total of 19 patients (25 sides) with idiopathic hearing loss, including 8 males and 11 females, aged between 4 to 50 years, who underwent 10 μm otology CT examination in Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2020 to July 2021, were retrospectively collected. For those patients with idiopathic hearing loss, there were 5 cases (6 sides), including 2 males and 3 females, with an average age of 18-70 [65(20,68)] years, with bony connection between malleus and tympanum wall. Eighteen sex-and age-matched cases with normal hearing group, including 6 males and 12 females, with an average age of 20-68 (39±14) years, as the ratio of 1∶3, were included as the controls. The distances of the tegmen tympani between malleus head and horizontal semicircular canal, as well the distances between malleus head and horizontal semicircular canal were retrospectively measured and further compared between the two groups. Results: The incidence of IMF in patients with idiopathic conductive hearing loss without other etiologies was 24.0% (6/25). The specificity of 10 μm otology CT in diagnosing IMF was 100%. The distances of tegmen tympani between horizontal semicircular canal and malleus head in IMF patients were significantly smaller compared with the controls [-0.65(-1.21, -0.35) mm vs 1.34(0.04, 1.68) mm;0.92(0.51, 1.49) mm vs 2.82(1.76, 3.53) mm](both P<0.05, respectively). There was no significant difference in distances between malleus head and horizontal semicircular canal [-1.30 (-1.90, -0.46)mm vs -0.42 (-1.15, 0.05),P=0.057]. Conclusions: IMF is not uncommon in conductive hearing loss without other causes, which can be clearly shown by 10 μm otology CT. Its occurrence is related to the local downward shift of tegmen tympani above the malleus, without upwards displacement of the malleus.
目的： 探讨10 μm级耳科专用CT在评估传导性耳聋患者单纯锤骨固定（IMF）发生情况中的应用。 方法： 回顾性收集2020年10月至2021年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院放射科行10 μm级耳科专用CT检查的患者资料，最终共纳入“特发性”传导性耳聋患者19例（25侧），男8例，女11例，年龄4~50（37±20）岁，其中IMF者5例（6侧），男2例，女3例，年龄18~70［65（20，68）］岁。按1∶3纳入性别年龄匹配的听力正常者18例（18侧）作为IMF的对照组，男6例，女12例，年龄20~68（39±14）岁。测量鼓室盖与锤骨头间距、鼓室盖与水平半规管间距及锤骨头与水平半规管间距。分析比较两组间鼓室盖与锤骨头间距、鼓室盖与水平半规管间距及锤骨头与水平半规管间距。 结果： 在无其他病因的“特发性”传导性耳聋患者中IMF的发生率为24.0%（6/25）。10 μm级耳科专用CT诊断IMF特异度为100%。IMF患者的鼓室盖-水平半规管间距、鼓室盖-锤骨头间距较对照组显著减小［-0.65（-1.21，-0.35）mm比1.34（0.04，1.68）mm；0.92（0.51，1.49）mm比2.82（1.76，3.53）mm］（均P<0.05）；锤骨头-水平半规管间距两组间差异无统计学意义［-1.30（-1.90，-0.46）mm比-0.42（-1.15，0.05），P=0.057］。 结论： IMF在无其他病因的传导性耳聋中并不少见，10 μm级耳科专用CT可清晰显示此征象；其发生与锤骨上方鼓室盖局限性低位有关，不伴锤骨上移。.

Objective: To assess the changes of the spatial location of the malleus in patients with chronic otitis media (COM) using 10 μm otology CT. Methods: Forty-five patients with COM (COM group, 45 ears) and 55 patients without external and middle ear disease (control group, 89 ears), who underwent 10 μm otology CT examination in Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2020 to March 2021, were retrospectively collected during the same period. In the COM group, there are 20 males and 25 females, aged from 20 to 78 (40±14) years. In the control group, 29 were males and 26 were females, with age of 19 to 57 (32±11) years. The shortest distance between the malleus head and the upper wall, the distance between the outer edge of the malleus neck and the scutum, the distance between the outer edge of the malleus neck and the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane, the shortest distance between the malleus head and the anterior wall, the shortest distance between the anterior process and the anterolateral wall, the shortest distance between the tip of the malleus handle and the promontory, and the shortest distance between the malleus head and the tympanic segment of the facial nerve were measured and compared between the two groups. Results: Compared with the control group, the head-upper wall distance (M (Q1, Q3)) (0.81 (0.48, 1.21) mm vs 0.57 (0.33, 0.90) mm) and the neck-scutum distance (1.79 (1.54, 2.13) mm vs 1.65 (1.48, 1.83) mm) were larger in the COM group (all P<0.05), and the neck-tympanic membrane distance (1.32 (1.15, 1.49) mm vs 1.45 (1.31, 1.59) mm) and the handle-promontory distance (1.56 (1.33, 2.09) mm vs 2.10 (1.74, 2.43) mm) were reduced in the COM group (all P<0.05, respectively). The neck-tympanic membrane distance on the left was larger than those on the right in the COM group (1.39 (1.19, 1.51) mm vs 1.21 (0.87, 1.31) mm, P<0.05). Conclusion: There are changes in the relative position of the malleus in patients with COM, which are helpful for further understanding the imaging manifestations in patients with COM.
目的： 探讨基于10 μm级耳科专用CT的慢性中耳炎（COM）锤骨空间位置改变。 方法： 回顾性收集2020年10月至2021年3月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院放射科使用10 μm级耳科专用CT检查的COM患者（COM组）45例（45侧）资料，其中男20例，女25例，年龄20~78（40±14）岁；同期收集无外、中耳病变者（对照组）55例（89侧），其中男29例，女26例，年龄19~57（32±11）岁。测量并分析比较两组间锤骨头与上壁最短距离、锤骨颈外缘与鼓室盾板连线距离、锤骨颈外缘与鼓膜松弛部垂直距离、锤骨头与前壁最短距离、锤骨前突与前外侧壁最短距离、锤骨柄末端与鼓岬最短距离、锤骨头与面神经鼓室段最短距离。 结果： 与对照组相比，COM组锤骨头与上壁最短距离［M（Q1，Q3）］［0.81（0.48，1.21）mm比0.57（0.33，0.90）mm］、锤骨颈外缘与鼓室盾板连线距离［1.79（1.54，2.13）mm比1.65（1.48，1.83）mm］增大（均P<0.05）；锤骨颈外缘与鼓膜松弛部垂直距离［1.32（1.15，1.49）mm比1.45（1.31，1.59）mm］、锤骨柄末端与鼓岬最短距离［1.56（1.33，2.09）mm比2.10（1.74，2.43）mm］减小（均P<0.05）。COM组左侧锤骨颈外缘与鼓膜松弛部垂直距离较右侧增大［1.39（1.19，1.51）mm比1.21（0.87，1.31）mm，P<0.05］。 结论： COM患者的锤骨相对位置关系存在变化，此变化有助于对COM影像学表现进一步认识。.

UNASSIGNED: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) induced tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) can be accompanied by anterior mallear ligament (AML) calcification. So far, comparative evaluations of TMP with and without AML calcification have rarely been reported. The aim of the current study is to compare the hearing outcomes of TMP with and without calcification of AML under transcanal endoscopic type I tympanoplasty.
UNASSIGNED: Records of 67 patients diagnosed with CSOM and receiving transcanal endoscopic type I tympanoplasty were divided into the AML calcification group (Cal group, n = 31) and the non-AML calcification group (non-Cal group, n = 36). The 31 patients in the Cal group were divided into subgroup A and B according to the severity of calcification. The operation time, closure rate, and pre- and postoperative audiometric results were retrospectively collected and analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: Preoperatively, the Cal group had higher mean air-bone gap (ABG; P = .022), and ABGs at 250 Hz (P = .017) and 500 Hz (P = .008) compared with the non-Cal groups. The Cal group showed higher improvements of ABGs at 250 Hz (P = .039) and 500 Hz (P = .021) compared with the non-Cal groups postoperatively.
UNASSIGNED: The TMP with AML calcification leads to higher ABGs at low frequencies. The hearing outcomes are similar for TMP both with and without AML calcification after surgery. Our results suggest that transcanal endoscopic type I tympanoplasty is an appropriate surgical method for TMP with AML calcification, if the lesion can be detected and completely eliminated.

In order to study the effect of middle ear malformations on energy absorbance, we constructed a mechanical model that can simulate the energy absorbance of the human ear based on our previous human ear finite element model. The validation of this model was confirmed by two sets of experimental data. Based on this model, three common types of middle ear malformations, i. e. incudostapedial joint defect, incus fixation and malleus fixation, and stapes fixation, were simulated by changing the structure and material properties of the corresponding tissue. Then, the effect of these three common types of middle ear malformations on energy absorbance was investigated by comparing the corresponding energy absorbance. The results showed that the incudostapedial joint defect significantly increased the energy absorbance near 1 000 Hz. The incus fixation and malleus fixation dramatically reduced the energy absorbance in the low frequency, which made the energy absorbance less than 10% at frequencies lower than 1 000 Hz. At the same time, the peak of energy absorbance shifted to the higher frequency. These two kinds of middle ear malformations had obvious characteristics in the wideband acoustic immittance test. In contrast, the stapes fixation only reduced the energy absorbance in the low frequency and increased energy absorbance in the middle frequency slightly, which had no obvious characteristic in the wideband acoustic immittance test. These results provide a theoretical reference for the wideband acoustic immittance diagnosis of middle ear malformations in clinic.
为了研究中耳畸形对能量吸收率的影响，本文基于前期所建人耳有限元模型，构建了一个能够模拟人耳能量吸收的力学模型，并利用两组实验数据验证了该模型。基于该模型，通过改变相应组织的结构和材料属性，模拟了砧镫关节缺失、砧骨固定和锤骨固定、镫骨固定这三类常见的中耳畸形；对比分析这三类畸形相应的能量吸收率，研究了中耳畸形对能量吸收率的影响。结果表明：砧镫关节缺失会使能量吸收率在 1 000 Hz 附近显著增大。砧骨固定和锤骨固定会使能量吸收率在低频阶段急剧减小，且在 1 000 Hz 以下低于 10%；与此同时，能量吸收率的峰值移向更高频率。对于这两类中耳畸形，在宽频声导抗测试中具有较为明显的特征。而镫骨固定会使能量吸收率在低频段减小、中频段增大，但变化程度较小，在宽频声导抗测试中无明显特征。本文研究结果或可为临床上中耳畸形的宽频声导抗诊断提供一些理论参考。.

BACKGROUND: There are many reports on the role of the malleus handle in ossicular chain reconstruction (OCR). However, the effect of the presence of the malleus handle is not clear.
UNASSIGNED: To compare the hearing outcomes of using a partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP) to reconstruct the ossicular chain under otoendoscopy with and without a malleus handle.
METHODS: Records of 57 patients requiring OCR were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into the malleus handle-present group (group 1) and the malleus handle-absent group (group 2). The audiometric results were analyzed pre- and postoperatively. A postoperative air-bone gap (ABG)≤20 dB was considered successful.
RESULTS: The mean improvement in air conduction hearing thresholds was 19.80 dB in group 1 and 16.70 dB in group 2. The mean ABG improvement was 18.09 ± 12.79 dB for group 1 and 17.20 ± 16.44 dB for group 2. The malleus handle-present group achieved higher success (65.63%) than the malleus handle-absent group (52%; p> .05).
CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in hearing outcomes were similar for the two groups. However, the malleus handle-present group showed a better reconstruction success rate. Our results suggest that if there is no lesion in the malleus handle, it is recommended to be retained.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of primary malleostapedotomy with revision malleostapedotomy for otosclerosis. Methods: From April 2002 to December 2017, 70 consecutive patients with otosclerosis who underwent malleostapedotomy were reviewed. Depending on the primary malleostapedotomy (P-MS) or revision malleostapedotomy (R-MS), the patients were divided into P-MS group or R-MS group.The intraoperative findings and hearing results before and after surgery were compared between the two groups. ALL data were analyzed using SPSS 23. Results: Totally 73 malleostapedotomy were performed in 73 ears of 70 patients, including 38 P-MS and 35 R-MS. There was no significant difference between the two groups in sex ratio, age and operated ears (P>0.05 for all). The most common finding at P-MS was incus fixation (50.0%, 19/38) versus prosthesis displacement for R-MS (60.0%, 21/35) . Overall, the air-bone gap (ABG) improvement in P-MS were (18.1±8.2) dB in 0.5-3 kHz and (18.3±8.5) dB in 0.5-4 kHz, without significant difference to those in R-MS (P>0.05) . 31.4% of R-MS in 0.5-3 kHz and 22.9% R-MS in 0.5-4 kHz achieved an ABG<10 dB, significantly lower than those of P-MS (65.8% in 0.5-3 kHz and 57.9% in 0.5-4kHz; P<0.05). Failure (postoperative ABG>30 dB) occurred in 11.4% in R-MS and 0 in P-MS (for 0.5-3 kHz and 0.5-4 kHz). The incidence of postoperative sensorineural hearing loss (>10 dB increase in bone conduct) in R-MS group was 8.6% in 0.5-3 kHz and 0.5-4 kHz, without significant difference to those in P-MS (P>0.05) . 80.0% (20/25) of first R-MS achieved ABG<20 dB, compared to 37.5% (3/8) of second R-MS with ABG<20 dB. Conclusions: Although both P-MS and R-MS can significantly improve hearing, with similar risk of inner ear damage, R-MS is less effective and poses a higher risk of failure than P-MS. For patients with insufficient hearing improvement after first R-MS, conventional hearing aids or implantable hearing devices may be considered as an alternative.
目的： 分析比较耳硬化症初次及再次修正锤骨-镫骨底板开窗术的手术疗效。 方法： 回顾性分析瑞士卢瑟恩州立医院2002年4月至2017年12月连续收治耳硬化症患者，根据是初次行锤骨-镫骨底板开窗术（primary malleostapedotomy，P-MS）或是再次手术行修正的锤骨-镫骨底板开窗术（rivision malleostapedotomy，R-MS），将患者分为初次手术组（P-MS组）和修正手术组（R-MS组)，对二者术中所见、术后听力结果进行比较。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。 结果： 共70例患者（73耳）纳入研究。P-MS组35例38耳，男17例、女18例，平均年龄（43.6±10.5）岁；R-MS组35例35耳，男16例、女19例，平均年龄（47.3±10.9）岁；两组之间年龄、性别、手术侧别差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。除镫骨固定外，P-MS组术中所见主要为砧骨固定（50.0%，19/38），而R-MS组则为假体移位（60.0%，21/35）。500~3 000 Hz和500~4 000 Hz纯音听阈，R-MS组术后气骨导差（ABG）分别缩小（15.2±13.8） dB和（17.3±14.4） dB，P-MS组术后ABG分别缩小（18.1±8.2） dB和（18.3±8.5） dB，两组间比较，差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。R-MS组术后ABG明显大于P-MS组[500~3 000 Hz：（16.1±11.8） dB比（8.5±5.7) dB；500~4 000 Hz：（17.5±11.9） dB比（9.7±6.0） dB；P值均<0.05]；R-MS组手术成功率（术后ABG<10 dB）显著低于P-MS组（500~3 000 Hz：31.4%比65.8%，χ(2)=8.606，P<0.05；500~4 000 Hz：22.9%比57.9%，χ(2)=9.240，P<0.05），而手术失败率（术后ABG>30 dB）显著高于P-MS组（500~3 000 Hz和500~4 000 HZ均为11.4%比0，χ(2)值均=3.280，P值均<0.05）。两组各有3耳术后出现感音神经性聋（平均骨导听阈升高>10 dB），差异无统计学意义（500~3 000 Hz和500~4 000 Hz均为8.6%比7.9%，χ(2)值均=0.011，P值均>0.05）。R-MS组初次修正手术（R-MS1）后ABG小于20 dB的比例为80.0%（20/25），而二次修正手术（R-MS2）后该比例为37.5%（3/8），二者差异有统计学意义（χ(2)=5.18，P<0.05）。 结论： 与初次锤骨-镫骨底板开窗术相比，再次修正手术引起感音神经性聋的风险并没有增加，而且仍能明显提高听力，但效果较初次手术差，失败风险高。二次修正手术效果欠佳，手术需谨慎，可以考虑助听器或其他听觉植入装置。.

The holotypes of euharamiyidan Arboroharamiya allinhopsoni and Arboroharamiya jenkinsi preserve the auditory and hyoid bones, respectively. With additional structures revealed by micro-computerized tomography (CT) and X-ray micro-computed laminography (CL), we provide a detailed description of these minuscule bones. The stapes in the two species of Arboroharamiya are similar in having a strong process for insertion of the stapedius muscle. The incus is similar in having an almond-shaped body and a slim short process, in addition to a robust stapedial process with a short lenticular process preserved in A. allinhopsoni. The plate-like ectotympanic in the two species of Arboroharamiya is similar and comparable to that of Qishou jizantang. The surangular in the two species has a fan-shaped body and a needle-shaped anterior process. The malleus, ectotympanic, and surangular are fully detached from the dentary and should have functioned exclusively for hearing. All the auditory bones of Arboroharamiya display unique features unknown in other mammaliaforms. Moreover, hyoid elements are found in the two species of Arboroharamiya and co-exist with the five auditory bones in the holotype of A. allinhopsoni. The element interpreted as the stylohyal is similar to the bone identified as the ectotympanic in Vilevolodon. We reconstruct the auditory apparatus of Arboroharamiya and compare it with that of Vilevolodon as well as those in extant mammals and basal mammaliaforms. The comparison shows diverse morphological patterns of the auditory region in mammaliaforms. In particular, those of Vilevolodon and Arboroharamiya differ significantly: the former has a mandibular middle ear, whereas the latter possesses a definitive mammalian middle ear. It is puzzling that the two sympatric and dentally similar taxa have such different auditory apparatuses. In light of the available evidence, we argue that the mandibular middle ear reconstructed in Vilevolodon encounters many problems, and the so-called ectotympanic in Vilevolodon may be interpreted as a stylohyal; thus, the dilemma can be resolved.

Defects in the middle ear ossicles - malleus, incus and stapes - can lead to conductive hearing loss. During development, neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate from the dorsal hindbrain to specific locations in pharyngeal arch (PA) 1 and 2, to form the malleus-incus and stapes, respectively. It is unclear how migratory NCCs reach their proper destination in the PA and initiate mesenchymal condensation to form specific ossicles. We show that secreted molecules sonic hedgehog (SHH) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) emanating from the pharyngeal endoderm are important in instructing region-specific NCC condensation to form malleus-incus and stapes, respectively, in mouse. Tissue-specific knockout of Shh in the pharyngeal endoderm or Smo (a transducer of SHH signaling) in NCCs causes the loss of malleus-incus condensation in PA1 but only affects the maintenance of stapes condensation in PA2. By contrast, knockout of Bmp4 in the pharyngeal endoderm or Smad4 (a transducer of TGFβ/BMP signaling) in the NCCs disrupts NCC migration into the stapes region in PA2, affecting stapes formation. These results indicate that region-specific endodermal signals direct formation of specific middle ear ossicles.