Juvenile polyps(JP),also known as retention polyps,are the most common type of colorectal polyps and the main cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children,with rare incidence in adults.In recent years,with the development and application of electronic colonoscopy,the detection rate of colorectal JP has gradually increased.It is generally accepted that JP is a benign hamartomatous lesion of the intestine,while it can cause complications such as massive hemorrhage of the lower digestive tract,anemia,intussusception,and intestinal obstruction.Moreover,there are reports about the canceration of JP.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the understanding and achieve early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.This article reviews the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics,pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment methods,and canceration risk of JP.
幼年性息肉(JP)又称为潴留性息肉,是儿童最常见的结直肠息肉类型,也是儿童下消化道出血的主要病因,成人发病相对少见。近年来随着电子结肠镜设备及技术的发展和推广应用,结直肠JP的检出率有逐渐上升趋势。通常认为JP是一种肠道良性错构瘤性病变,但也可引起下消化道大出血、贫血、肠套叠、肠梗阻等并发症,且国内外文献中均有关于JP癌变的报道,因此需要提高对该疾病的认识,实现早期诊治。本文就JP的流行病学特征、发病机制、临床表现、诊疗方法、癌变风险及研究进展进行综述。.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features of children with colorectal polyps and the efficacy of endoscopic treatment.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 1 351 children with colorectal polyps who were admitted and received colonoscopy and treatment in the past 8 years, including clinical features and the pattern and outcomes of endoscopic treatment.
RESULTS: Among the 1 351 children, 893 (66.10%) were boys and 981 (72.61%) had an age of 2-<7 years, and hematochezia (1 307, 96.74%) was the most common clinical manifestation. Of all the children, 89.27% (1 206/1 351) had solitary polyps, and 95.77% (1 290/1 347) had juvenile polyps. The polyps were removed by electric cauterization with hot biopsy forceps (6 cases) or high-frequency electrotomy and electrocoagulation after snare ligation (1 345 cases). A total of 1 758 polyps were resected, among which 1 593 (90.61%) were pedunculated and 1 349 (76.73%) had a diameter of <2 cm. Postoperative complications included bleeding in 51 children (3.77%), vomiting in 87 children (6.44%), abdominal pain in 14 children (1.04%), and fever in 39 children (2.89%), while no perforation was observed. The children aged <3 years had the highest incidence rates of postoperative bleeding and fever (P<0.0125), and the children with a polyp diameter of ≥2 cm had significantly higher incidence rates of postoperative bleeding, vomiting, and fever (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Solitary polyps, pedunculated polyps, and juvenile polyps are common types of pediatric colorectal polyps. Electric cauterization with hot biopsy forceps or high-frequency electrotomy and electrocoagulation after snare ligation can effectively remove colorectal polyps in children, with good efficacy and few complications. Younger age and larger polyp diameter are associated with a higher risk of postoperative bleeding.
目的: 探讨儿童结直肠息肉的临床特征及内镜下治疗的效果。方法: 回顾性分析近8年收治的经结肠镜检查并治疗的结直肠息肉1 351例患儿的临床特征和内镜下治疗的方式和效果。结果: 1 351例患儿中，男性多见（893，66.10%），高发年龄2~<7岁（981，72.61%），临床表现以便血（1 307，96.74%）为主；89.27%（1 206/1 351）为单发息肉，95.77%（1 290/1 347）为幼年性息肉。息肉均采用热活检钳电灼烧（6例）或圈套器套扎后通过高频电切电凝（1 345例）的方式切除。共切除息肉1 758枚，其中有蒂息肉占90.61%（1 593/1 758），直径<2 cm的息肉占76.73%（1 349/1 758）。术后并发症：出血51例（3.77%），呕吐87例（6.44%），腹痛14例（1.04%），发热39例（2.89%），无一例穿孔。年龄<3岁患儿术后出血和发热的发生率高（P<0.0125）；单发息肉直径≥2 cm患儿术后出血、呕吐、发热的发生率高（P<0.05）。结论: 儿童结直肠息肉以单发、有蒂、幼年性息肉为主。采用热活检钳电灼烧或圈套器套扎后高频电切电凝的方式能有效切除儿童结直肠息肉，效果好，并发症少。患儿年龄越小、息肉直径越大，术后出血风险越高。.

Colonic polyps are a common cause of persistent bloody stools in pediatric patients. Such polyps are easily diagnosed by a barium study of the lower gastrointestinal tract or by colonoscopy. Polypectomies utilizing electric ligators are generally performed on pediatric patients, and such patients can be easily operated on. However, giant colonic polyps have been reported in pediatric patients. In the past, a laparotomy or laparoscopy would have been performed in some pediatric patients diagnosed with a giant colonic polyp; however, the large size, location, or position of the polyp would sometimes be too large or the location or position of the polyp would make successful operation difficult. In general, larger stumps with large feeding arteries are associated with larger colonic polyps. Therefore, if such a polyp is removed via electric polypectomy alone, there may be a higher risk of post-polypectomy bleeding from its stump. We report a case of a 14-year-old male patient who presented with a 2-month history of bloody stools. A giant juvenile colonic polyp was detected by colonoscopy in the transverse colon. Finally, we successfully removed the giant polyp by using endoloop-assisted polypectomy.

A 47-year-old man with idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis presented to our hospital because of a 2-month history of diarrhea and edema of both lower limbs. Contrastenhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a 2-cm mass of mixed density in the ascending colon. On coloscopy, a solid, ulcerated, semi-pedunculated, lobulated protruding mass of 3.5×3.5×1.5 cm was observed and removed with hot snare polypectomy. Histologic examination demonstrated a hamartomatous polyp with normal epithelium and an inflammatory infiltrate with dilated, mucus-filled cystic glands in the lamina propria, indicating a juvenile polyp.

Juvenile polyps are a rare form of gastrointestinal polyps and are generally diagnosed by colonoscopy or barium enema. In this article, we describe the case of a 3-year-old girl with a large juvenile polyp that was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Ultrasound examination is necessary for children who pass dark red bloody stools either with or without abdominal pain. In addition, mechanical bowel preparation before ultrasonic testing is helpful to enable the detection of intraluminal lesions.