BACKGROUND: Hydrocele is an abnormal collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis. The most common form of hydrocele in adults is primary or idiopathic, affecting approximately 1% of adult men. Most patients receive surgical treatment. We report a case cured by intracapsular injection of polidocanol.
METHODS: A 32-year-old man found a lump in his left scrotum while taking a bath. He conducted a transillumination test himself, and the result was positive. Hydrocele of the testis was then diagnosed by ultrasound examination. The patient underwent several rounds of hydrops aspiration, intracapsular drug injection, and oral antibiotic treatment, but all failed. Finally, the hydrocele was cured by injection of polidocanol into the capsule.
CONCLUSIONS: Simple hydrocele aspiration and intracapsular injection of anti-inflammatory drugs had no obvious therapeutic effect. Intracapsular injection of polidocanol has a reliable and lasting therapeutic effect on hydroceles with the advantages of procedure simplicity, low cost, rapid recovery, and few side effects.

Purpose: This study evaluated the outcomes of laparoscopic repair (LR) and open repair (OR) surgery for communicating hydrocele in children. Patients and Methods: We collected the clinical data and follow-up data of all boys (<14 years) who underwent communicating hydrocele surgery in the pediatric surgery department at Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College from January 2017 to December 2018 and retrospectively analyzed the data. Results: In this study, 155 patients were retrospectively enrolled, including 90 patients in the OR group and 65 patients in the LR group. There were significant differences in operation time and the recurrence of hydrocele between the two groups. The persistence of scrotal swelling in the LR group was significantly lower than that in the OR group. There was no significant difference in postoperative hospitalization time or incision infection rate between the two groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that laparoscopic treatment of children with communicating hydrocele has the advantages of a hidden incision, a shortened operation time, and a reduced postoperative recurrence rate and can be used as the preferred surgical method. However, laparoscopic treatment should be selected according to the specific condition of each child and cannot completely replace traditional open surgery.

暂无摘要。

Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of tunica vaginalis is very rare. We report a case of a 15-year-old man presenting as hydrocele. Pre-operatively, no masses were detected by ultrasonography. Hydrocelectomy was performed. At surgery, a 0.8 cm polypoid nodule and diffusely thickened tunica were found. Pathologic examination finally revealed rhabdomyosarcoma. A PET-CT was then performed and indicated scrotal implantation metastasis. The patient underwent radical inguinal orchiectomy and was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy after surgery. At 12 months of follow-up, he remained disease-free.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the published studies concerning laparoscopic pediatric hydrocele (PH) repair and summarize the surgical details and operative outcomes of this procedure. Materials and Methods: A PubMed search was performed for all studies concerning laparoscopic repair of hydrocele in children. The search strategy was as follows: (laparoscop* OR coelioscop* OR peritoneoscop* OR laparoendoscop* OR minilaparoscop*) AND hydrocele* AND (child* OR pediatric*). Inclusion criteria included (1) children with hydrocele as the study participant; (2) laparoscopic PH repair as the main surgical procedure; and (3) operation time and complications as the outcomes of interest. Reviews, studies with insufficient information or reporting the outcomes of abdominoscrotal hydrocele, and duplicate patient series were excluded. Results: Overall, 20 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review and 15 studies were included in the final analysis. These studies comprised at least 2920 patients undergoing laparoscopic repair for various PH subtypes, of which most were conducted in Asia. Most authors repaired PH laparoscopically through an extraperitoneal approach, while only a few studies applied a laparoscopic intraperitoneal method. The majority of the studies used nonabsorbable sutures to ligate hydrocele sac, while very few studies used absorbable materials. Hydrocele sac was resected or transected in only five studies, but left alone in the majority. Mean operation time was between 15.6 and 43.2 minutes for unilateral laparoscopic PH repair and between 16.9 and 53.2 minutes for bilateral surgery. Operative complications were not very common, with a highest recurrence/persistence incidence of 1.4%. Subgroup analysis showed that hydrocele subtype, surgical approach, suture material, and management of hydrocele sac did not significantly influence the operative complications. Conclusions: laparoscopic PH repair seems to be a safe and effective procedure. Given the limitations of this review, our conclusion needs to be confirmed by more well-designed studies.

UNASSIGNED: To determine the feasibility and short-term effect of single scrotal-incision orchidopexy (SSIO) without ligation of the processus vaginalis (PV) in the treatment of palpable undescended testis (PUDT).
METHODS: This retrospective study included 109 cases of PUDT (125 sides) and 15 cases of impalpable undescended testis (IUDT). The former underwent SSIO without PV ligation (group A, n = 53) or standard inguinal orchidopexy with PV ligation (group B, n = 56) while the latter received laparoscopic exploration (group C). We analyzed the success rate of SSIO in the management of PUDT, postoperative complications, and incidence rates of hernia and hydrocele, and compared the relevant parameters between groups A and B.
RESULTS: The median age of the PUDT patients was 1.4 (0.6－11.0) years. Group A included 24 cases of left PUDT (2 with hydrocele), 20 cases of right PUDT (1 with hydrocele), and 9 cases of bilateral PUDT, the success rate of which was 95.1%. Group B consisted of 27 cases of left PUDT, 22 cases of right PUDT (3 with hernias), and 7 cases of bilateral PUDT. The rate of PV patency in the PUDT patients was 80.8% (101/125). Laparoscopic exploration of the 15 IUDT patients revealed 2 cases of congenital testis absence, 6 cases of testis dysplasia, all treated by surgical removal, 3 cases of staying around the inner ring, descended by inguinal orchidopexy, and the other 4 treated by laparoscopic surgery. The incisions healed well in all cases, with no testicular atrophy, inguinal hernia or hydrocele.
CONCLUSIONS: Single scrotal-incision orchidopexy without PV ligation is a safe and feasible procedure for the treatment of palpable undescended testis, which avoids the risk of inguinal hernia or hydrocele.
目的: 通过对可触及型隐睾采用单阴囊切口且离断不结扎鞘状突行睾丸下降固定的手术方法的应用，探讨此方法的可行性及近期效果观察。方法: 通过一项回顾性研究，纳入从2015年1-12月间因隐睾入院手术的病例：可触及型隐睾109例（125侧）（A+B组）；未触及型隐睾15例（C组）。前者采用单阴囊切口+近内环口高位离断鞘状突（未结扎）睾丸下降固定（A组， 53例，61侧）或标准腹股沟阴囊双切口睾丸下降固定（B组， 56例，64侧），后者腹腔镜探查（C组）。分析单阴囊切口睾丸固定术在可触及型隐睾中的治疗成功率、术后近远期并发症、斜疝或鞘膜积液的发生（复发），以及单、双切口（A、B组）治疗可触及型隐睾中相关参数的比较。结果： 可触及型隐睾患儿中位年龄1.4（0.6-11.0）岁。A组：中位年龄1.5（0.6-7.0）岁。睾丸侧别：左24例，2例伴有鞘膜积液；右20例，1例伴有鞘膜积液，2例术中增加腹股沟切口；双侧9例，1例右侧术中增加腹股沟切口。治疗成功率为95.1%（58/61）。B组：中位年龄1.4（0.8-11）岁。睾丸侧别：左27例；右22例，3例伴有腹股沟斜疝；双侧7例，1例术后右侧睾丸回缩。两组中鞘状突未闭合率80.8%（101/125）。未触及型隐睾C组15例全部腹腔镜探查：2例睾丸先天缺如；6例睾丸发育不良且切除；3例在内环口呈“窥视”，改普通双切口术；4例腹腔镜手术固定。切口愈合良好，无睾丸萎缩，无斜疝或鞘膜积液发生（复发）。结论: 单阴囊切口且不结扎鞘状突治疗可触及型隐睾是一种安全的手术方法，且不结扎鞘状突未增加发生斜疝或鞘膜积液的风险。.

To evaluate the safety, efficacy and merits of laparoscopic repair in children with hydroceles by comparing the outcomes of laparoscopic repair and the traditional open repair (OR) procedure. The outcomes of the following three laparoscopic percutaneous extra-peritoneal closure (LPEC) approaches were also compared: conventional two-port surgery, transumbilical single-site two-port surgery and single-port surgery.
We retrospectively compared the demographic, perioperative and follow-up data from the consecutive records obtained for 382 boys who underwent OR and 950 boys who underwent LPEC at two children\'s medical centres in China. In the LPEC group, regardless of the hydrocele form, one of the three approaches with percutaneous aspiration was performed: conventional two-port surgery was performed in 387 cases, single-site two-port surgery was performed in 468 cases and single-port surgery was performed in 95 cases. The clinical data and complications were statistically analysed.
Postoperative follow-up data were obtained for all the patients. The mean follow-up time was 36 months (24-48 months) in the OR group and 32.5 months (20-44 months) in the LPEC group. Significant differences in recurrence were not observed between the groups (five in the OR and 10 in the LPEC; P = 0.69). However, the operation time, postoperative hospital stay, incidence of scrotal oedema, incision infection and contralateral metachronous hernia or hydrocele were significantly higher in the OR group than those in the LPEC group (P < 0.01). Eighteen children (4.71%) had a negative exploration of the patent processus vaginalis (PPV) in the OR group. Fourteen children (1.47%) in the LPEC group had a closed internal ring and were converted to a scrotal procedure. Significant differences in the clinical data or complications were not observed between the two centres for the laparoscopic procedure (P > 0.05). Contralateral PPV (cPPV) was found in 18 patients in the single-port group (18.9%). Of the patients affected with cPPV, significant differences were observed between the single-port group and the two-port LPEC group (122 patients, 31.5%, P = 0.016) and the single-site two-port group (the 148 patients, 31.6%, P = 0.013). A contralateral metachronous hernia or hydrocele was found in zero, zero and two cases in these groups, respectively, and significant differences were observed (P < 0.01) between the single-site surgery and the other two laparoscopic approaches.
LPEC is safe, feasible and effective for treating hydroceles in children and has the same recurrence rate as OR. However, LPEC is superior in operation time, hospital stay, occurrence of scrotal oedema, incision infection and occurrence of metachronous hernia or hydrocele. The transumbilical single-site two-port procedure has the same cosmetic effect as the single-port LPEC. According to our experience, the two-port LPEC approach is better for diagnosing cPPV and reducing metachronous hernia or hydrocele than the single-port LPEC procedure.

Although T-LESS is increasingly being used to treat pediatric inguinal hernia, there is no study regarding T-LESS for pediatric hydrocele.
To further evaluate the feasibility of T-LESS and present our single-center experience for repair of pediatric hydroceles.
From January 2016 to July 2016, all boys undergoing T-LESS for hydrocele in our institute were retrospectively reviewed. A laparoscope and a needle-holding forceps were introduced at umbilicus. A round needle with silk suture was stabbed through the abdominal wall. The peritoneum around the internal ring was sutured continuously in a clockwise direction. After a complete purse-string suture, a triple knot was performed by using a single-instrument tie technique. The contralateral patent processus vaginalis (PPV) was repaired simultaneously if present.
Overall, 59 boys with hydrocele were included (22 on the left side, 32 on the right side, and 5 bilaterally) (Table). During the procedure, all hydroceles were observed with a PPV but the fluid needed to be aspired in 39 boys. A contralateral PPV was present in 24 boys with unilateral hydrocele, and finally 88 repairs were performed. Mean operative time was 18.3 min for unilateral repair and 27.5 min for bilateral repair, respectively. All procedures were uneventful besides a minor injury to the inferior epigastric vessels. After a mean follow-up of 10.7 months, neither recurrence nor other postoperative complication was observed. There were no visible scars on the abdominal wall.
Compared with open repair of pediatric inguinal hernia and hydrocele, laparoscopic surgery had several advantages, such as exploration of contralateral PPV, identification of rare hernias, diminished postoperative pain, improved cosmesis, faster recovery, and fewer complications. Differing from the laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach, T-LESS included no subcutaneous tissue in the ligature, and its knot was completely in the peritoneal cavity which could radically prevent the severe pain and suture granuloma in the ligated region. Furthermore, the skin incisions after T-LESS were hidden in umbilicus, which could achieve an excellent cosmetic result. By performing T-LESS for pediatric hydroceles, the current study showed very satisfactory results, such as high success rate, minor complication, and excellent cosmesis. However, because of the difficult learning curve of T-LESS, some technical details (e.g. avoiding injury to the spermatic cord, completely suturing the peritoneal folds and reducing disturbance between the instruments) still need to be improved in the future.
T-LESS appears to be a safe and effective method for repair of pediatric hydroceles.

UNASSIGNED: To compare the clinical effect of transumbilical single-port laparoscopy combined with improved double hernia needles with that of traditional open surgery in the treatment of hydrocele in children.
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 35 cases (54 sides) of pediatric hydrocele treated by transumbilical single-port laparoscopy combined with improved double hernia needles (laparoscopy group). We recorded the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, scrotal edema, and postoperative complications and compared them with those of another 46 cases (58 sides) treated by traditional open surgery (open surgery group) during the same period.
RESULTS: The laparoscopy group showed a significantly shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, milder scrotal edema, and fewer hospital days than the open surgery group (all P<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Subcutaneous emphysema developed in 2 patients in the laparoscopy group, which disappeared after 1－3 days of oxygen inhalation and other symptomatic treatment, while scrotal hematoma occurred in 1 and incision fat liquefaction in 2 patients in the open surgery group 3 days postoperatively, which healed after debridement suture and daily dressing, respectively. The patients were followed up for 3－6 months, which revealed no late complications in the laparoscopy group but 1 case of unilateral recurrence and 2 cases of offside recurrence in the open surgery group, all cured by laparoscopic internal ring ligation.
CONCLUSIONS: Transumbilical single-port laparoscopy combined with improved double hernia needles is superior to traditional open surgery for the treatment of pediatric hydrocele and therefore deserves clinical generalization.
目的： 比较经脐单通道腹腔镜结合改良双钩疝针与传统开放手术治疗小儿鞘膜积液的临床疗效。方法： 回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年1月采用经脐单通道腹腔镜结合改良双钩疝针治疗小儿鞘膜积液35例（54侧），并与同期行开放手术的46例（58侧）患儿临床资料进行比较。记录患者的手术时间、出血量、住院时间、阴囊水肿情况、有无术后并发症等指标。 结果： 腔镜组在手术时间、术中出血量、阴囊水肿情况及住院时间方面均优于开放组，差异均有统计学意义（5.7% vs 6.5%, P均<0.05）。而术后并发症两者相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。腔镜组有2例出现皮下气肿，给予吸氧等对症处理后于1-3 d逐渐吸收，无其他不良反应，无远期并发症出现。开放组3例出现并发症，其中1例为阴囊血肿，予以清创缝合后愈合良好，2例为术后3 d切口感染脂肪液化，予以每日换药后愈合良好。术后随访6个月以上，腔镜组无复发、睾丸萎缩等远期并发症发生。开放组有3例复发，其中1例术后1个月单侧复发，改行腹腔镜内环口结扎后治愈；另有2例对侧再次出现鞘膜积液，予以腹腔镜内环口结扎后治愈，无其他远期并发症发生。 结论： 经脐单通道腹腔镜结合改良双钩疝针治疗小儿鞘膜积液临床疗效明显优于传统开放手术。.

BACKGROUND: Single-site laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (SLPEC) of hernia sac/processus vaginalis has been widely performed for repair of inguinal hernia/hydrocele in children. However, a variety of surgical instruments and techniques were used, and significant differences existed among the SLPEC reports.
METHODS: A literature search was performed for all available studies concerning SLPEC for pediatric inguinal hernia/hydrocele in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library. The surgical details and operative outcomes were pooled and analyzed with software StataSE 12.0.
RESULTS: 49 studies fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria of this review and 37 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The mean incidence of CPPV was 29.1% (range 5.73-43.0%). The average of mean operative time was 19.56 min (range 8.30-41.19 min) for unilateral SLPEC and 27.23 min (range 12.80-48.19 min) for bilateral SLPEC. The total incidence of injury, conversion, recurrence, hydrocele formation, knot reaction, severe pain, and scrotal swelling was 0.32% (range 0-3.24%), 0.05% (range 0-0.89%), 0.70% (range 0-15.5%), 0.23% (range 0-3.57%), 0.33% (range 0-3.33%), 0.05% (range 0-4.55%), and 0.03% (range 0-1.52%), respectively. There was no development of testicular atrophy. Subgroup analyses showed an inverse correlation between the injury incidence and adoption of assisted forceps, hydrodissection, and blunt puncture device, between the conversion rate and adoption of hydrodissection, between the recurrence/hydrocele incidence and adoption of assisted forceps, hydrodissection, nonabsorbable suture and the preventive measures to avoid ligating the unnecessary subcutaneous tissues, and between the rate of knot reaction and adoption of assisted forceps, hydrodissection, and the preventive measures.
CONCLUSIONS: SLPEC was a well-developed procedure for repair of pediatric inguinal hernia/hydrocele. Adoption of assisted forceps, hydrodissection, nonabsorbable suture, and the preventive measures to avoid ligating the unnecessary subcutaneous tissues could significantly reduce the intra- and postoperative complications.