用于调节和监测生物行为的植入式生物电极已成为现代医疗保健中不可或缺的医疗设备。减轻癫痫和心律失常等病理症状,并协助扭转耳聋和失明等状况。近年来,材料科学和生物医学工程领域的发展为可植入生物电极的研究做出了贡献。然而,异物反应(FBR)仍然是电极长期应用的主要制约因素。在本文中,综述了四种常用的植入式生物电极,专注于他们的背景,发展,以及FBR长期植入后引起的一系列并发症。然后根据物理学设计抵抗FBR的策略,化学,和纳米技术。我们分析了植入式生物电极未来发展的主要趋势,并概述了一些有希望的研究,以优化电极的长期运行稳定性。尽管目前的可植入生物电极已经能够实现良好的生物相容性,低阻抗,低机械不匹配和创伤,这些设备仍然面临FBR的挑战。对FBR的抗性仍然是生物电极长期有效性的关键,以及对FBR机制的更好理解,以及小型化,长期钝化,与基因治疗的耦合可能是下一代可植入生物电极的前进方向。
Implantable bioelectrodes for regulating and monitoring biological behaviors have become indispensable medical devices in modern healthcare, alleviating pathological symptoms such as epilepsy and arrhythmia, and assisting in reversing conditions such as deafness and blindness. In recent years, developments in the fields of materials science and biomedical engineering have contributed to advances in research on implantable bioelectrodes. However, the foreign body reaction (FBR) is still a major constraint for the long-term application of electrodes. In this paper, four types of commonly used implantable bioelectrodes are reviewed, concentrating on their background, development, and a series of complications caused by FBR after long-term implantation. Strategies for resisting FBRs are then devised in terms of physics, chemistry, and nanotechnology. We analyze the major trends in the future development of implantable bioelectrodes and outline some promising research to optimize the long-term operational stability of electrodes. Although current implantable bioelectrodes have been able to achieve good biocompatibility, low impedance, and low mechanical mismatch and trauma, these devices still face the challenge of FBR. Resistance to FBR is still the key for the long-term effectiveness of bioelectrodes, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of FBR, as well as miniaturization, long-term passivation, and coupling with gene therapy may be the way forward for the next generation of implantable bioelectrodes.