This work was aimed to analyze the effect of vitamin energy drink on muscle fatigue by surface electromyography (SEMG) and ultrasonic bioimaging (USBI).
20 healthy men were selected to do increasing load fatigue test. Surface electromyographic signals and ultrasonic biological images were collected based on wavelet threshold function with improved thresholds. Time domain and frequency domain characteristic integrated electromyography (IEMG), root mean square amplitude (RMS), average power frequency (MPF), and surface and deep muscle morphological changes were analyzed. Hemoglobin concentration (HB), red blood cell number (RBC), mean volume of red blood cell (MCV), blood lactic acid (BLA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phosphocreatine kinase (CK) were measured.
1) the Accuracy (94.10%), Sensitivity (94.43%), Specificity (93.75%), and Precision (94.07%) of the long and short-term memory (LSTM) specificity for muscle fatigue recognition were higher than those of other models. 2) Compared with the control group, the levels of BLA, MDA, and CK in the experimental group were decreased and HB levels were increased after exercise (P < 0.05). 3) IEMG and RMS of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group, and increased with time (P < 0.05). 4) The mean amplitude of the response signal decreased with time. Compared with the control group, the surface muscle thickness, deep muscle thickness, total muscle thickness, contrast, and homogeneity (HOM) decreased in the experimental group; while the angular second moment (ASM) and contrast increased, showing great differences (P < 0.05).
Surface electromyographic signal and ultrasonic biological image can be used as auxiliary monitoring techniques for muscle fatigue during exercise. Drinking vitamin energy drinks before exercise can relieve physical fatigue to a certain extent and promote the maintenance of muscle microstructure.

Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a global public health priority because of their limited nutritional value and associations with increased risk of obesity and metabolic diseases. Gut microbiota-related metabolites emerged as quintessential effectors that may mediate impacts of dietary exposures on the modulation of host commensal microbiome and physiological status.
This study assessed the associations among SSBs, circulating microbial metabolites, and gut microbiota-host co-metabolites, as well as metabolic health outcomes in young Chinese adults (n = 86), from the Carbohydrate Alternatives and Metabolic Phenotypes study in Shaanxi Province. Five principal component analysis-derived beverage drinking patterns were determined on self-reported SSB intakes, which were to a varying degree associated with 143 plasma levels of gut microbiota-related metabolites profiled by untargeted metabolomics. Moreover, carbonated beverages, fruit juice, energy drinks, and bubble tea exhibited positive associations with obesity-related markers and blood lipids, which were further validated in an independent cohort of 16,851 participants from the Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China in Shaanxi Province. In contrast, presweetened coffee was negatively associated with the obesity-related traits. A total of 79 metabolites were associated with both SSBs and metabolic markers, particularly obesity markers. Pathway enrichment analysis identified the branched-chain amino acid catabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis as linking SSB intake with metabolic health outcomes.
Our findings demonstrate the associations between habitual intakes of SSBs and several metabolic markers relevant to noncommunicable diseases, and highlight the critical involvement of gut microbiota-related metabolites in mediating such associations.

Frequent consumption of sports and energy drinks among athletes is of concern due to its detrimental impact on oral health. The present study aimed to assess sports and energy drink consumption, oral health status and impacts on daily activities and sports performance among elite athletes from Pakistan. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sports and energy drink consumption, oral health and hygiene practices, self-reported oral health and psychosocial and performance impact was assessed using a self-administered, structured questionnaire followed by clinical oral examination by a single, experienced dentist. A total of 104 athletes, a majority of whom were male (80.8%), participated in the study. Around two third of the participants reported consumption of sports and energy drinks, energy gels or bars at least once a week, the commonest being Sting. Despite good oral hygiene practices, the athletes generally had poor oral health with high prevalence of dental caries (63.5%), gingivitis (46.1%), irreversible periodontitis (26.9%) and erosive tooth wear (21.2%). More than a quarter (28.8%) of the athletes rated their oral health as fair-very poor. Four in five athletes (80%) also experienced at least one oral problem with negative impacts on daily activities (64.4%) and participation training and sports performance (36.5%). Regression analyses revealed a significant association between periodontal disease and impact on both daily activities and sports performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that high-prevalence sports and energy drink consumption and oral problems among elite athletes from Pakistan has a negative impact on daily activities and sports performance. These findings may have important implications for oral health education programs, and the need to create awareness among the athletes regarding the use of sports and energy drinks, as well as regular oral health screening of athletes to minimize the impact on performance.

Autonomous self-propelled micromachines based on semiconductors are at the forefront of environmental pollutants degradation research to palliate the effects of the contamination arising from the constant manufacturing of new products. Nonetheless, testing these micromotors with real-life products is almost an unexplored field, limiting the degradation of pollutants to single-component aqueous solutions or suspensions at the laboratory scale, which hinders the translation of these micromachines into useful systems. Herein, Ag3VO4 has been devised as a micromotor by an asymmetric deposition of a thin layer of Pt, giving rise to Pt/Ag3VO4 micromotors (Janus particle). Their motion capabilities have been demonstrated under UV light in fuel-free conditions. Their photocatalytic performance at laboratory scale has been confirmed for the degradation of Rhodamine B while, as a first approximation of a real-life application, the degradation of an energy drink has also been tested. During this latter exploration, the Pt/Ag3VO4 micromotors were corroded by the citric acid present in the pollutant, releasing Ag nanoparticles into the media. As a proof of concept, the position of the generated Ag nanoparticles\' surface plasmon resonance absorption maximum has been demonstrated to show a dependency on the concentration of citric acid.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption (including individual SSB) and cognitive function from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) and whether it is age-dependent.Methods: Older adults aged 60 years old and over were included during the NHANES 2011-2014. SSB consumption was defined as the amount of added sugar obtained by connecting the NHANES and FPED. Cognitive function tests included the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer\'s disease test, Animal Fluency Test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test. We calculated z-score using the average of the total standardized scores on three cognitive tests to estimate the level of whole cognition. Multi-variable linear regression models and interaction analysis were conducted in this study.Results: For individual SSB types, increased carbonated soft drinks, sweetened tea, fruit drinks, energy drinks, and sport drinks were all significantly linked to declined cognitive function (P < 0.05), respectively. Nevertheless, interaction effects by age groups were not significant (P for interaction > 0.05).Discussion: SSB consumption (including individual SSB) was negatively associated with cognitive function, which was not age-dependent. Future studies may advance the knowledge in the field considering the association between SSB consumption and cognitive function.

Pharmaceutical and food products are fortified with pantothenic acid (PA) to address potential deficiency. Therefore, its fast, reliable, and accurate detection is of great importance to the quality control. Here, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) were established for the determination of PA based on an anti-PA monoclonal antibody (mAb). The ic-ELISA displayed a limit of detection (LOD) of 32.22 ng/mL, and the linear range was 64.44-628.84 ng/mL. Average recoveries of PA in fortified samples were 88.60-110.11% when using the ic-ELISA and a good correlation between the ic-ELISA and LC-MS/MS was obtained when analyzing samples. Furthermore, the developed LFIA strip showed a calculated LOD of 71.99, 115.80, and 240.12 ng/mL in B-complex Vitamin tablets, energy drink and infant milk powder samples, respectively. All the results demonstrated that both of these immunoassays are suitable for determining PA in pharmaceutical and food products.

Background: This study examines the effects of sports drinks ingestion during high-intensity exercise for carbohydrate oxidation rate (CHO-O) among athletes. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were searched for available papers published up to November 2019. The primary outcome is the carbohydrate oxidation rate (CHO-O), and the secondary outcome is the fat oxidation rate (Fat-O). Statistical heterogeneity among the included studies was evaluated using Cochran\'s Q test and the I2 index. The random-effects model was used for all analyses, regardless of the I2 index. Results: Five studies are included, with a total of 58 participants (range, 8-14/study). All five studies are randomized crossover trials. Compared to the control beverages, sports drinks have no impact on the CHO-O of athletes [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.29; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.65, P = 0.106; I2 = 97.4%, P < 0.001] and on the Fat-O of athletes (WMD = -0.074; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.06, P = 0.297; I2 = 97.5%, P < 0.001). Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions increase CHO-O (WMD = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.08-0.87, P = 0.020; I2 = 97.8%, P < 0.001) but not Fat-O (WMD = -0.14; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.03, P = 0.103; I2 = 98.2%, P < 0.001). Caffeine has a borderline effect on Fat-O (WMD = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.00-0.10, P = 0.050). Conclusions: Compared with the control beverages, sports drinks show no significant improvement in CHO-O and Fat-O in athletes. Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions increase CHO-O in athletes but not Fat-O.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the intake of caffeine from snacks among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing City.
METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to obtain the consumption status of caffeine-containing snacks among 881 school-age children and adolescents in Chaoyang, Changping and Yanqing Districts through a 3 d 24 h continuous questionnaire survey between October 2016 and February 2017, and the caffeine content in snacks was obtained through literature retrieval and laboratory detection.
RESULTS: The proportion of caffeinated snacks consumers among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing was 42. 45%(374/881). The average daily caffeine intake of the whole population was 9. 19 mg, with a median of 0 and a P95 of 41. 38 mg. The average daily caffeine intake of consumers was 21. 66 mg, with a median of 11. 03 mg and 76. 99 mg of P95. About 1. 60%(6/374) of individuals exceeded the daily safe intake level and there were statistically significant differences in caffeine intake between different ages, genders, grades and groups with and without tea drinking habits after weight was taken into account. Among the top three contributors, 12. 13 mg of caffeine was derived from tea, milk tea and tea beverages(including solid drinks), with a contribution rate which reached 56. 01%, 4. 35 mg of caffeine was derived from coffee, with a contribution rate of 20. 09%, and 3. 31 mg of caffeine was derived from cola and energy drinks, with a contribution rate of 15. 30%, and there existed slightly difference of the top three contribution foods among 6-11 and 12-17 years old children and adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Beijing City had low caffeine intake levels from snacks and there was little risk of overconsumption. Tea, milk tea and tea beverages(including solid drinks) was the major contributor to its caffeine exposure.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of non-carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (NCSSBs) has many adverse health effects. However, the sugar and energy content in NCSSBs sold in China remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the sugar and energy content of NCSSBs in China and how these contents were labelled.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 15 supermarkets in Haidian District, Beijing from July to October 2017. The product packaging and nutrient information panels of NCSSBs were recorded to obtain type of products (local/imported), serving size, nutrient contents of carbohydrate, sugar and energy. For those NCSSBs without sugar content information, we used carbohydrate content as a replacement.
RESULTS: A total of 463 NCSSBs met the inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. The median of sugar content and energy content was 9.6 [interquartile range (IQR): 7.1-11.3] g/100 ml and 176 (IQR: 121-201) kJ/100 ml. The median of sugar contents in juice drinks, tea-based beverages, sports drinks and energy drinks were 10.4, 8.5, 5.0 and 7.4 g/100 ml. Imported products had higher sugar and energy content than local products. There were 95.2% products of NCSSBs receiving a \'red\'(high) label for sugars per portion according to the UK criteria, and 81.6% products exceeding the daily free sugar intake recommendation from the World Health Organization (25 g). There were 82 (17.7%) products with sugar content on the nutrition labels and 60.2% of them were imported products.
CONCLUSIONS: NCSSBs had high sugar and energy content, and few of them provided sugar content information on their nutrition labels especially in local products. Measures including developing better regulation of labelling, reducing sugar content and restricting the serving size are needed for reducing sugar intakes in China.

Previous studies have shown that feeding a high-energy formula (HF) to infants after cardiac surgery increases energy intake, with fewer side effects on cardiopulmonary function. However, impacts on weight gain and gastrointestinal function remain unclear.
To determine the impact of HF compared with standard formula on weight gain and gastrointestinal tolerance in postoperative infants with congenital heart disease.
This was a randomized controlled trial.
The setting of the study was at a 20-bed cardiac intensive care unit at a tertiary children\'s hospital in China. Study population included infants <1 year of age who underwent cardiac surgery and were allocated to the intervention group (n = 32) or control group (n = 32). The intervention group received HF (100 kcal/100 mL), and the control group received standard formula (67 kcal/100 mL) for 7 days during the stabilized postoperative period at the cardiac intensive care unit. Primary outcomes were weight gain and gastrointestinal intolerance. Secondary outcomes were energy intake and standard intensive care characteristics.
Infants who received HF (n = 30) showed less weight loss than those who received standard formula (n = 29); -16 g [95% confidence interval (CI): -74 to 42] versus -181 g (95% CI: -264 to -99), P = 0·001. The evaluation of gastrointestinal intolerance showed that the intervention group had several side effects, such as abdominal distension (n = 1), gastric retention (n = 2) and diarrhoea (n = 1), while the control group had no problems. Enteral energy intake in the intervention group was higher than the control group from day three.
Infants after cardiac surgery fed with HF gained more weight but had increased feeding intolerance. However, the feeding intolerance symptoms could be relieved by medication and did not affect feeding advancement.
Paediatric intensive care clinicians should consider gradually increasing the energy density of the formula during feeding and assess feeding intolerance signs in some children with malnutrition after cardiac surgery.