Objective: To evaluate the mid-term efficacy of ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation (ABOi-KT) based on the results of routine renal biopsy for transplantation. Methods: Retrospective collection of clinical data from 23 pairs of ABOi-KT donors and recipients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from July 2015 to November 2021. ABOi-KT was performed on recipients after desensitization treatment, and the results of routine kidney transplant biopsy at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery were analyzed. Combined with blood type antibody levels and renal function recovery, the mid-term efficacy of ABOi-KT was evaluated. Results: Among the 23 recipients, there were 19 males and 4 females; age range from 19 to 47 years old [(29.6±6.7) years old], all underwent ABOi-KT successfully after receiving desensitization treatment. The follow-up time was (44.6±22.4) months, of which 22 cases were followed up for more than 1 year. The incidence rates of rejection reactions at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery were 15.0% (3/20), 11.1% (1/9), 7.7% (1/13), 25.0% (3/12), and 12.5% (1/8), respectively. For receptors with rejection reactions, targeted anti-rejection therapy was performed based on clinical symptoms and various indicators. Borderline T cell mediated rejection (TCMR) can be converted to mild tubular inflammation after anti-rejection treatment. The positive rate of complement C4d in peritubular capillaries was 95.0% (19/20) one week after surgery, and the positive rate of complement C4d was 100% at 3 and 12 months after surgery. The cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years after surgery were all 100%. The cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years after kidney transplantation were 100%, 93.3%, 84.0%, and 84.0%, respectively. Except for 2 recipients who underwent transplantation in 2017 and experienced kidney failure at 30 and 49 months after surgery, all other transplanted kidneys survived. Conclusions: The results of routine renal transplant biopsy show that ABOi-KT has a good mid-term therapeutic effect. The pathological changes of ABOi-KT can be dynamically observed through routine renal transplant biopsy and targeted treatment for rejection reactions can be provided accordingly.
目的： 依据程序性移植肾穿刺活检结果对ABO血型不相容活体亲属肾移植（ABOi-KT）的中期疗效进行评价。 方法： 回顾性收集中山大学附属第一医院2015年7月至2021年11月实施的23对ABOi-KT的供受体临床资料，对受体进行脱敏治疗后行ABOi-KT，分析受体术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月程序性移植肾穿刺活检结果，结合血型抗体水平、肾功能恢复情况，对ABOi-KT的中期疗效进行评价。 结果： 23例受体中，男19例，女性4例；年龄19~47（29.6±6.7）岁，均在接受脱敏治疗后顺利实施ABOi-KT。随访时间（44.6±22.4）个月，其中随访时间超过1年者22例。术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月病理证实排斥反应的发生率分别为15.0%（3/20）、11.1%（1/9）、7.7%（1/13）、25.0%（3/12）和12.5%（1/8）。对于排斥反应的受体，结合临床症状及各项指标行针对性抗排斥治疗，临界性T细胞介导的排斥反应（TCMR）经抗排斥治疗后均可转为轻度小管炎。术后1周管周毛细血管补体C4d阳性率为95.0%（19/20），术后3和12个月时补体C4d阳性率均为100%。受体术后1、3、5和7年生存率均为100%。移植肾术后1、3、5和7年存活率分别为100%、93.3%、84.0%和84.0%，除2017年进行移植的2例受体于术后30和49个月出现移植肾失功外，其余移植肾均存活。 结论： 程序性移植肾穿刺活检结果显示，ABOi-KT的中期疗效良好，可动态观察ABOi-KT病理改变，并对排斥反应行针对性治疗.

BACKGROUND: Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with ABO major incompatibility is characterized by transfusion dependent anemia. No standard treatment existed for PRCA following allo-HSCT yet.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study, and reported our experience with the use of avatrombopag and lower dose rituximab to treat five patients with PRCA subsequent to major ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT.
RESULTS: Five cases of PRCA were identified from 72 patients who underwent allo-HSCT with major or bidirectional ABO mismatch. Cumulative incidence at Day +60 was 6.9% (5/72) at our center. All donor and recipient blood groups were A+  and O+ , respectively. In the first three cases we reported, patients received erythropoietin, plasma exchange, and donor lymphocyte infusion, but none of them had any effect. After 4 weeks of treatment with low dose rituximab (100 mg/week) combined with avatrombopag (40 mg/day), favorable outcomes were obtained. According to the aforementioned experience, Cases 4 and 5 were administered low-dose rituximab and avatrombopag in 3 months after transplantation, and erythroid response was observed on 3 weeks after treatment. Our patients tolerated low-dose rituximab and avatrombopag well and experienced rapid efficacy, with a median duration of 3 weeks. Furthermore, no severe infection or thrombocytosis necessitated a dose adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose rituximab and avatrombopag may be an effective treatment for patients with PRCA after major ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT. The patients should be treated at least 90 days post transplantation if conventional erythropoietin therapy fails.

Kidney transplantation is considered an ideal treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) because it provides a longer and better quality of life than dialysis. ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) kidney transplantation relies on two principles: (i) removal of antibodies from a blood group; and (ii) inhibition of reappearance of blood group antibodies by intensifying the induction and maintenance of immunosuppression. This systematic review aimed to analyze the success and safety of ABO-I live-donor kidney transplantation.
Databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline were searched. Search duration was from the database establishment to December 2022. A thorough search was performed for relevant studies investigating the success and safety of ABO-I live-donor kidney transplantation. Two investigators independently extracted literature information and assessed the quality of the included studies. Heterogeneity test was performed using Cochrane\'s Q and chi-squared tests. All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.2.1).
The search for relevant literature in the five electronic databases yielded 1238 articles. Of the 1238 articles, only 15 were included. Meta-analysis of outcomes from five studies showed a survival rate of 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88 to 0.97, P < 0.001) after ≥3 years, while outcomes from 12 studies revealed a short-term patient survival rate of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92 to 0.96, P = 0.75). In contrast, long- and short-term graft survival rates were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.75 to 0.96, P < 0.001) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.97, P < 0.001), respectively. Incidence rates of infectious, surgical, and medical complications were 0.31 (95% CI: 0.22 to 0.41, P < 0.001), 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.25, P < 0.001), and 0.38 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.66, P < 0.001), respectively.
Good long- and short-term patient outcomes and graft survival rates were observed after ABO-I kidney transplantation. Similarly, the safety of performing kidney transplantations from living donors with ABO-I blood groups was established by the results of the current meta-analysis. Therefore, ABO-I live-donor kidney transplantations should be encouraged to reduce the time recipients spend on waiting lists and supplement the existing paired-exchange donor program.

ABO incompatibility has long been considered an absolute contraindication for kidney transplantation. However, with the increasing number of patients with ESRD in recent years, ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi-KT) has expanded the types of donors by crossing the blood group barrier through preoperative desensitization therapy. At present, the desensitization protocols consist of removal of preexisting ABO blood group antibody titers and prevention of ABO blood group antibody return. Studies have suggested similar patient and graft survival among ABOi-KT and ABOc-KT recipients. In this review, we will summarize the effective desensitization regimens of ABOi-KT, aiming to explore effective ways to improve the success rate and the long-term survival rate of ABOi-KT recipients.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the diagnostic process of low titer blood group antibody in the occurrence of adverse reactions of hemolytic transfusion.
METHODS: Acid elusion test, enzyme method and PEG method were used for antibody identification. Combined with the patient\'s clinical symptoms and relevant inspection indexes, the irregular antibodies leading to hemolysis were detected.
RESULTS: The patient\'s irregular antibody screening was positive, and it was determined that there was anti-Lea antibody in the serum. After the transfusion reaction, the low titer anti-E antibody was detected by enhanced test. The patient\'s Rh typing was Ccee, while the transfused red blood cells were ccEE. The new and old samples of the patient were matched with the transfused red blood cells by PEG method, and the major were incompatible. The evidence of hemolytic transfusion reaction was found.
CONCLUSIONS: Antibodies with low titer in serum are not easy to be detected, which often lead to severe hemolytic transfusion reaction.
UNASSIGNED: 低效价抗体致溶血性输血反应的相关分析.
UNASSIGNED: 建立低效价血型抗体在溶血性输血不良反应发生中的诊断流程。.
UNASSIGNED: 应用酸放散试验、酶法和PEG法进行抗体鉴定试验，结合患者临床症状及相关检查指标，检测患者血浆中是否存在导致溶血的不规则抗体。.
UNASSIGNED: 患者不规则抗体筛查阳性，血清中确定存在抗-Lea抗体，发生输血反应后，使用增强试验检测到低效价抗-E抗体，患者Rh分型为Ccee，所输注红细胞为ccEE，患者新、旧标本用PEG方法与所输红细胞配血，主侧均不相合，找到溶血性输血反应发生的证据。.
UNASSIGNED: 血清中低效价的抗体不易被检出，往往会导致患者发生严重的溶血性输血反应。.

暂无摘要。

暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of ABO-incompatible living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children.
UNASSIGNED: The clinical data of 62 children who underwent for the first time living donor liver transplantation in our hospital from April 2019 to July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the blood type matching of donor and recipient, the patients were divided into 3 groups, ABO-identical (ABO-Id, n=33), ABO-compatible (ABO-C, n=10) and ABO-incompatible (ABO-In, n=19), the median age of recipients in the three groups being 5 months. In the ABO-In group, 4 recipients whose condition was combined with liver failure and 2 recipients who had blood group antibody titers≥1∶32 received preoperative plasma exchange. All ABO-incompatible recipients had preoperative blood group antibody titers<1∶32. All recipients in the three groups underwent piggyback liver transplantation and received immunosuppressive and anticoagulation therapy. Postoperative follow-up was 5 to 20 months, the median being 12 months, measured until December 31, 2020 or until the date of death. Baseline clinical data, postoperative survival, and postoperative complications of recipients in the three groups were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: There were no significant differences in age, gender, underlying disease, operation history, Child Pugh score, donor age, graft to recipient weight ratio (GR/WR), cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss and the use of immunosuppressants among the recipients in the three groups (all P>0.05). There was one death in the perioperative period and two deaths in the postoperative period in the ABO-Id group. There was one death in the postoperative period in the ABO-C group. There was one death in the perioperative period and one death in the postoperative period in the ABO-In group. There was no significant difference in the overall cumulative survival rate among the three groups ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative infection, acute rejection, biliary anastomotic stenosis and vascular complications among the three groups ( P>0.05).
UNASSIGNED: ABO-In LDLT is an effective and safe treatment option that can effectively expand the pool of live donors for liver transplantation and save the life of children with end-stage liver disease.

Passenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS) is a rare post solid organ transplantation complication, usually occurring after ABO- or Rh-mismatched transplantation. In general, PLS can lead to severe hemolytic anemia, but it is usually a self-limited disease. Most PLS cases start with a decreased hemoglobin (Hb) level and require donor type RBC transfusion as the only treatment.
In our case, the allograft was given by an O-type Rh-D(+) donor and received by an A-type Rh-D(+) recipient. The PLS was developed on the post-operative day (POD) 10 with an increased indirect bilirubin (IDBIL) level as the first clinical symptom, while the Hb level did not significantly decrease. The PLS was diagnosed on POD 17 by a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and a blood group test. The patient quickly became stable on POD 18 after a total of eight units of O-type RBC transfusion. Kidney function was uneventful in the entire PLS period.
In ABO-mismatched kidney transplantation, an increased level of IDBIL should be considered as the first symptom of PLS even without an Hb decrease. The kidney function may be not affected by the PLS symptoms.

BACKGROUND: ABO incompatibility is not a contraindication but would affect the prognosis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The dynamic change of blood phenotype is not only related to the patient\'s status, but also the basis for the implementation of compatible blood transfusion. The criteria for judging a complete transformation to donor-type and the principle of blood transfusion at relapse need to be unified. We aimed to illustrate the significance of blood group monitoring after allo-HSCT.
METHODS: We collected 263 patients underwent ABO incompatible allo-HSCT from January 2010 to December 2019, and monitored blood type regularly according to the frequency of the patient\'s return visits till complete conversion or death. Non-parametric test was used to find differences among incompatible groups. We analyzed factors potentially influence blood type conversion by Binary Logistic model. Cox regression model was used to illustrate the relationship between blood-type conversion and prognosis.
RESULTS: The median days of conversion were 107, 91 and 108 in major-, minor- and bidirectional groups respectively. Blood type conversion correlated with HLA compatibility (P = 0.012, OR=2.69) and acute graft-versus-host-disease (P = 0.001, OR=0.06). Patients with incomplete blood type conversion had a higher death rate than those with complete blood type conversion(P = 0.003, OR=3.703).
CONCLUSIONS: Blood type monitoring can help to evaluate the prognosis of transplantation and assess the risk of death. It is recommended to monitor the changes of blood group antigens and antibodies, especially within a year after transplantation, to predict the risk of adverse events (such as GVHD, recurrence, death, etc.).