BACKGROUND: To demonstrate and analyze the 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) findings in this rare nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS).
METHODS: A 71-year-old woman with the left invasive breast cancer was treated with hormone therapy for six months and underwent the 18F-FDG PET/CT examination for efficacy evaluation. 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed the improvement after treatment and other unexpected findings, including multiple nodules on the skin with 18F-FDG uptake, bone expansion of cystic lesions in the bilateral ribs, ectopic calcifications and dilated right ureter. She had no known family history. Then, the patient underwent surgical excision of the all skin nodules and the postoperative pathology were multiple basal cell carcinomas. Finally, the comprehensive diagnosis of NBCCS was made. The patient was still in follow-up. Additionally, we have summarized the reported cases (n = 3) with 18F-FDG PET/CT from the literature.
CONCLUSIONS: It is important to recognize this syndrome on 18F-FDG PET/CT because of different diagnoses and therapeutic consequences.

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a common jaw cyst with a high recurrence rate. OKC combined with basal cell carcinoma as well as skeletal and other developmental abnormalities is thought to be associated with Gorlin syndrome. Moreover, OKC needs to be differentiated from orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst and other jaw cysts. Because of the different prognosis, differential diagnosis of several cysts can contribute to clinical management. We collected 519 cases, comprising a total of 2 157 hematoxylin and eosin-stained images, to develop digital pathology-based artificial intelligence (AI) models for the diagnosis and prognosis of OKC. The Inception_v3 neural network was utilized to train and test models developed from patch-level images. Finally, whole slide image-level AI models were developed by integrating deep learning-generated pathology features with several machine learning algorithms. The AI models showed great performance in the diagnosis (AUC = 0.935, 95% CI: 0.898-0.973) and prognosis (AUC = 0.840, 95%CI: 0.751-0.930) of OKC. The advantages of multiple slides model for integrating of histopathological information are demonstrated through a comparison with the single slide model. Furthermore, the study investigates the correlation between AI features generated by deep learning and pathological findings, highlighting the interpretative potential of AI models in the pathology. Here, we have developed the robust diagnostic and prognostic models for OKC. The AI model that is based on digital pathology shows promise potential for applications in odontogenic diseases of the jaw.

BACKGROUND: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS, Gorlin syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disorder that is characterized by multisystem disorder such as basal cell carcinomas, keratocystic odontogenic tumors and skeletal abnormalities. Bilateral and/or unilateral ovarian fibromas have been reported in individuals diagnosed with NBCCS.
METHODS: A 22-year-old female, presented with low back pain, and was found to have bilateral giant adnexal masses on pelvic ultrasonography, which had been suspected to be malignant ovarian tumors. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed multiple intracranial calcification and skeletal abnormalities. The left adnexa and right ovarian tumor were resected with laparotomy, and pathology revealed bilateral ovarian fibromas with marked calcification. We recommended the patient to receive genetic testing and dermatological examination. No skin lesion was detected. Germline testing identified pathogenic heterozygous mutation in PTCH1 (Patched1).
CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of NBCCS needs to be considered in patients with ovarian fibromas diagnosed in an early age. Skin lesions are not necessary for the diagnosis of NBCCS. Ovarian fibromas are managed with surgical excision with an attempt at preserving ovarian function. Follow-up regime and counseling on options for future fertility should be offered to patients.

Two male patients with bifid rib-basal cell nevus-jaw cyst syndrome (BCNS) were admitted to Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College due to radiological findings of multiple low density shadows in the jaw. Clinical and imaging findings showed thoracic malformation, calcification of the tentorium cerebellum and falx cerebrum as well as widening of the orbital distance. Whole exon high-throughput sequencing was performed in two patients and their family members. The heterozygous mutations of c.C2541C>A(p.Y847X) and c.C1501C>T(p.Q501X) in PTCH1 gene were detected in both patients. Diagnosis of BCNS was confirmed. The heterozygous mutations of PTCH1 gene locus were also found in the mothers of the two probands. Proband 1 showed clinical manifestations of low intelligence, and heterozygous mutations of c.C2141T(p.P714L) and c.G3343A(p.V1115I) were detected in FANCD2 gene. Proband 2 had normal intelligence and no FANCD2 mutation. The fenestration decompression and curettage of jaw cyst were performed in both patients. Regular follow-up showed good bone growth at the original lesion, and no recurrence has been observed so far.
两家系肋骨分叉-基底细胞痣-颌骨囊肿综合征先证者均为男性，因X线摄片见颌骨多发低密度影就诊，临床及影像学检查见胸廓畸形、小脑幕及大脑镰钙化、眶距增宽等表现。两例先证者分别检出PTCH1基因位点的c.C2541C>A（p.Y847X）和c.C1501C>T（p.Q501X）杂合突变，对比先证者及其家系相关成员基因序列，结果两例先证者的母亲外周血中均检出PTCH1基因位点的杂合突变，明确该突变均来源于母亲。其中一例先证者临床表现为智力低下，还检出FANCD2基因位点的c.C2141T（p.P714L）和c.G3343A（p.V1115I）杂合突变；另一例先证者智力正常，未发现FANCD2基因突变。两例先证者均行颌骨囊肿开窗减压联合刮治术，随访原病灶处骨质生长状况良好，至今均未见复发。.

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UNASSIGNED: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that has an impact on the body\'s organs, such as skin and skeletal. Clinical features, physical and pathological examinations, surgical treatment, and diagnostic criteria have been explicated by means of describing the medical experience of a patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome in this report.

BACKGROUND: Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GS) is an inherited disease characterized by predisposition to basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and various developmental defects, whose numerous disease-causing PTCH1 mutations have been identified in the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway.
METHODS: In this study, whole exome sequencing was used to screen for both somatic and germline deleterious mutations in three sisters with a lethal GS. The mutations we found were confirmed by subcloning and Sanger sequencing of the genomic DNA. RNA-seq was performed to profile gene expression in paired BCCs samples and the expression levels for selected genes were validated by quantitative PCR.
RESULTS: The clinical and histopathologic features were analyzed for the proband in the three-generation GS family. We identified the insertion mutation PTCH1 c.1341dupA (p. L448Tfs*49), which segregated with BCC phenotype and contributed to the death of two in four patients from a Chinese family with GS. Compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT), four second-hit mutations were found in four of the six pairs of BCC from three patients. Of note, somatic genomic alterations in all six BCC samples were mainly clustered into non-clock-like Signature 7 (ultraviolet mutagenesis) and 11 (related to certain alkylating agents). Both RNA-seq and quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that the mRNA levels of PTCH1 and its effector GLI1 were markedly upregulated in six pairs of BCC samples versus ANCT.
CONCLUSIONS: The distinct non-clock-like signatures of BCCs indicated that GS was not a life-threatening illness. The main reasons for untimely death of GS patients were PTCH1 mutation, exposure to intense ultraviolet radiationand the poor economic conditions.

Nevus-like basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by the occurrence of multiple maxillofacial keratocysts, basal cell carcinoma, child medulloblastoma, and various skeletal and soft tissue dysplasia. In 2020, a patient with NBCCS dominated by facial basal cell carcinoma was admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The patient was an elderly woman. Ten years ago, the systemic mass appeared, especially on the face, but it was not treated. Later, these masses gradually increased in volume and number, and showed invasive properties. The nasal mass was broken and suppurated, seriously affecting the patient\'s life quality. The patient came to the hospital to improve the symptoms. Staphylococcus aureus and Providencia rettgeri were cultured in the patient\'s nasal secretions. Nasal sinus enhanced MRI showed that the subcutaneous soft tissue of the right cheek and the anterolateral mucosa of the left nasal cavity were invaded, indicating multiple malignant skin lesions. After admission, local anesthesia was performed and some masses were removed. Pathological examination of the mass showed basal cell carcinoma. After general anesthesia, multiple masses were resected. The postoperative pathological examination showed that multiple basal cell carcinoma invaded the deep dermis near subcutaneous fat layer. Combined with the results of clinical and immunohistochemical examination, the patient was diagnosed as NBCCS. There were no clear tumor thrombus in the vessel and no nerve invasion. No recurrence or new tumor was found after 1 year follow-up. The incidence rate of NBCCS is low and clinical symptoms are different. The patient\'s life quality is poor and the patient needs long-term individualized treatment.
痣样基底细胞癌综合征(nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome，NBCCS)是一种罕见的常染色体显性疾病，其临床表现为多发性颌骨角化囊肿和基底细胞癌、儿童髓母细胞瘤及各种骨骼和软组织发育异常。2020年中南大学湘雅医院整形美容外科收治1例以面部基底细胞癌为主的NBCCS患者。该患者为老年女性，10年前出现全身特别是面部多发肿物，未予治疗。后肿物逐渐增大、增多，并表现出侵袭性。因鼻部肿物破溃化脓，严重影响患者的生活而就诊。鼻部肿物分泌物培养出金黄色葡萄球菌、雷氏普鲁威登菌。鼻腔鼻窦增强MRI示右侧面颊部皮下软组织及左侧鼻腔前外侧黏膜受侵，考虑为皮肤多发恶性病变。入院后行局部麻醉后手术切除部分肿物。肿物病理检查结果示基底细胞癌。后于全身麻醉下行全身多处肿物切除术，术后病理检查结果示多发性基底细胞癌，侵及真皮深层近皮下脂肪层，结合临床及免疫组织化学检查结果诊断为NBCCS；未见明确脉管内癌栓及侵犯神经现象。随访1年未发现复发及新发肿物。NBCCS发病率低，患者生活质量差，临床症状差异大，治疗方案需个体化且治疗时间长。.

Objective: To detect the SMO mutations in odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and to explore the mechanism behind. Methods: Patients with OKC who received treatment in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology,Peking University, from September 2012 to June 2017 were enrolled. OKC samples from 10 patients diagnosed as naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS)-related OKC (4 females and 6 males) and 20 patients diagnosed as sporadic OKC (7 females and 13 males) were collected. Genomic DNAs were extracted from fibrous capsules and epithelial lining respectively. SMO mutations were detected and analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Results: Three SMO mutations were found in one NBCCS-associated OKC who carrying c.2081C>G (p.P694R) mutation) and two sporadic OKC who carrying c.907C>T (p.L303F) mutation and c.1247_1248delinsAA (p.G416E), respectively), among which the first two mutations were novel mutations that had not been reported before. Besides, two mutations in sporadic OKC were not paired with PTCH1 mutations. Conclusions: In addition to PTCH1 gene mutations, SMO gene mutations also exist in OKC which might be related to the development of OKC.
目的： 检测牙源性角化囊肿（odontogenic keratocyst，OKC）是否存在SMO基因突变，进一步完善对OKC发病机制的认识。 方法： 收集2012年9月至2017年6月就诊于北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科的OKC患者，10例为痣样基底细胞癌综合征性OKC（女性4例，男性6例），20例为散发性OKC（女性7例，男性13例）。采集患者的病变组织，分离衬里上皮和纤维间质，采用Sanger测序法分别检测上皮与间质DNA中SMO突变情况。 结果： 检测发现3个SMO基因突变位点，即1例综合征性OKC携带c. 2081C>G（p.P694R）突变，2例散发性OKC分别携带c. 907C>T（p.L303F）突变和c. 1247_1248delinsAA（p.G416E）突变，前2例突变为未被报道过的SMO新突变，且2例散发性OKC均不伴PTCH1突变。 结论： 除PTCH1突变外，OKC还存在SMO基因突变，可能与OKC的发病机制有关，靶向音猬因子通路的小分子抑制剂可为OKC的临床治疗提供思路。.