Objective: To establish collection methods and laboratory testing methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 9 typical active pharmaceutical ingredient in the workplace air. Methods: In December 2021, a mixed solution of nine analytes was prepared and then dispersed in aerosol state to simulate sampling. Glass fiber filter membrane was selected as air collector and collected active pharmaceutical ingredient in the air at a rate of 2.0 L/min for 15 minutes. Then, the obtained filter membrane samples were eluted with 25%ACN/75%MeOH. Finally, the eluent was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Results: This method could effectively collect active pharmaceutical ingredient in the air, with an average sampling efficiency of more than 98.5%. The linear correlation coefficient r was greater than 0.9990. The lower limit of quantification for each analyte ranged from 0.6~500.0 ng/ml, and the average recovery rate ranged from 97.6%~102.5%. Conclusion: This method could simultaneously collect 9 active pharmaceutical ingredient in the workplace air, and could provide accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis in subsequent laboratory tests.
目的： 通过建立工作场所空气中活性药物成分的现场采集和实验室检测方法，实现对常见9种典型活性药物成分的定性、定量分析。 方法： 于2021年12月，配制9种分析物混合液，后制成气溶胶状态进行模拟采样。选择玻璃纤维滤膜作为采样介质，以2.00 L/min的速率对模拟现场样进行15min采气收集，并将得到的滤膜样品于25%乙腈/75%甲醇洗脱液中洗脱，以液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪对洗脱液进行定性、定量分析。 结果： 本方法可有效采集空气中的活性药物成分，平均采样效率≥98.5%，且各项检测参数良好，线性相关系数r均>0.999 0；各目标分析物最低定量浓度范围为4.00×10(-5)~3.33×10(-2) mg/m(3)；平均加标回收率范围为97.6%~102.5%。 结论： 本方法可同时对空气中9种活性药物成分进行采集，并能够在后续实验室检测中进行准确定性和定量,符合国家测定方法研制标准。.

Objective: In order to understand the current situation of air toxic substances without occupational exposure limits (OELs) in the workplace in the Germany GESTIS Substance Database, and to provide an effective reference for formulating OELs of corresponding toxic substances and improving health standards. Methods: From March 2022 to May 2023, based on the standard of GBZ 2.1-2019 Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Agents in the Workplace-Part 1: Chemical Hazardous Agents, air toxic substances without OELs in the standard of GBZ/T 300.1-2017 Determination of Toxic Substances in Workplace Air-Part 1: General Principles were screened out, then corresponding OELs in other countrie/regions were queried through the Germany GESTIS Substance Database. Results: Among the 333 kinds (classes) of air toxic substances in 160 parts of GBZ/T 300.1-2017 standard, 48 kinds (classes) of air toxic substances were screened out and had not yet been formulated OELs in GBZ 2.1-2019 standard. By querying the Germany GESTIS Substance Database, it was found that among the 48 kinds (classes) of air toxic substances, 35 kinds (classes) of air toxic substances had both 8-hour occupational exposure limit and short-term occupational exposure limit, 4 kinds (classes) of air toxic substances had 8-hour occupational exposure limit but no short-term occupational exposure limit, 9 kinds (classes) of air toxic substances hadn\'t been retrieved any OELs. In addition, standard test methods of 7 kinds of air toxic substances hadn\'t been published in the present, including trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylbenzenes, cumene, chloroethane, chloropropane, dibromoethane and acetophenone. Conclusion: In the process of formulating or revising the standards of GBZ 2.1-2019 and GBZ/T 300, the latest published OELs in the Germany GESTIS Substance Database could be used as a reference basis.
目的： 了解工作场所空气中无职业接触限值（OELs）的有毒物质在德国GESTIS物质数据库的限值现状，为我国制定相应有毒物质的OELs及完善卫生标准提供参考依据。 方法： 于2022年3月至2023年5月，依据GBZ 2.1-2019《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分：化学有害因素》，筛选出GBZ/T 300.1-2017《工作场所空气有毒物质测定第1部分：总则》中无OELs的空气有毒物质，并通过德国GESTIS物质数据库查询其他国家/地区相应OELs的情况。 结果： 在GBZ/T 300.1-2017的160个部分共333种（类）空气有毒物质中，筛选出48种（类）化学物质在GBZ 2.1-2019中尚未制定OELs。通过查询德国GESTIS物质数据库，发现在此48种（类）空气有毒物质中，35种（类）空气有毒物质有8小时职业接触限值和短时间职业接触限值，4种（类）空气有毒物质只有8小时职业接触限值而无短时间职业接触限值，9种（类）空气有毒物质未能检索出职业接触限值。此外，我国目前暂未发布三甲基一氯硅烷、三甲苯、异丙苯、氯乙烷、氯丙烷、二溴乙烷和苯乙酮等7种空气有毒物质的标准检测方法。 结论： 在制/修订GBZ 2.1-2019和GBZ/T 300系列标准过程中，可将德国GESTIS物质数据库最新公开发布的OELs作为一项参考依据。.

In the confined space of the underground coal mine, which is dominated by transportation lanes, explosion-proof diesel-powered trackless rubber-wheeled vehicles are becoming the main transportation equipment, and the exhaust gas produced by them is hazardous to the health of workers and pollutes the underground environment. In this experiment, a similar test platform is built to study the effects of wind speed, vehicle speed, and different wind directions on the diffusion characteristics of exhaust gas. In this paper, CO and SO2 are mainly studied. The results show that the diffusion of CO and SO2 gas is similar and the maximum SO2 concentration only accounts for 11.4% of the CO concentration. Exhaust gas is better diluted by increasing the wind speed and vehicle speed, respectively. Downwind is affected by the reverse wind flow and diffuses to the driver\'s position, which is easy to cause occupational diseases. When the wind is a headwind, the exhaust gases spread upwards and make a circumvention movement, gathering at the top. When the wind speed and vehicle speed are both 0.6 m/s, the CO concentration corresponds to the change trend of the Lorentz function when the wind is downwind and the CO concentration corresponds to the change trend of the BiDoseResp function when the wind is headwind. The study of exhaust gas diffusion characteristics is of great significance for the subsequent purification of the air in the restricted mine space and the protection of the workers\' occupational health.

Photoinitiators (PIs) are chemical additives that generate active substances, such as free radicals to initiate photopolymerization. Traditionally, polymerization has been considered a green technique that seldomly generates contaminants. However, many researches have confirmed toxicity effects of PIs, such as carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, endocrine disrupting effects. Surprisingly, we found high levels of PIs in indoor dust. Our analysis revealed comparable levels of PIs in dust from printing shops (geometric mean, GM: 1.33 ×103 ng/g) and control environments (GM: 874 ng/g), underscoring the widespread presence of PIs across various settings. Alarmingly, in dust samples from nail salons, PIs were detected at total concentrations ranging from 610 to 1.04 × 107 ng/g (GM: 1.87 ×105 ng/g), significantly exceeding those in the control environments (GM: 1.43 ×103 ng/g). Nail salon workers\' occupational exposure to PIs through dust ingestion was estimated at 4.86 ng/kg body weight/day. Additionally, an in vitro simulated digestion test suggested that between 10 % and 42 % of PIs present in ingested dust could become bioaccessible to humans. This is the first study to report on PIs in the specific environments of nail salons and printing shops. This study highlights the urgent need for public awareness regarding the potential health risks posed by PIs to occupational workers, marking an important step towards our understanding of environmental pollution caused by PIs.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a high public health burden yet little is known about the relationship between metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols, occupational noise and CKD. We aimed to explore the relationship between occupational MWF aerosols, occupational noise and CKD.
METHODS: A total of 2,738 machinists were sampled from three machining companies in Wuxi, China, in 2022. We used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method 5524 to collect individual samples for MWF aerosols exposure, and the Chinese national standard (GBZ/T 189.8-2007) method to test individual occupational noise exposure. The diagnostic criteria for CKD were urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) of ≥ 30 mg/g and reduced renal function (eGFR < 60 mL.min- 1. 1.73 m- 2) lasting longer than 3 months. Smooth curve fitting was conducted to analyze the associations of MWF aerosols and occupational noise with CKD. A segmented regression model was used to analyze the threshold effects.
RESULTS: Workers exposed to MWF aerosols (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-3.41) and occupational noise (OR = 1.77, 95%CI: 1.06-2.96) had higher prevalence of CKD than nonexposed workers. A nonlinear and positive association was found between increasing MWF aerosols and occupational noise dose and the risk of CKD. When daily cumulative exposure dose of MWF aerosols exceeded 8.03 mg/m3, the OR was 1.24 (95%CI: 1.03-1.58), and when occupational noise exceeded 87.22 dB(A), the OR was 1.16 (95%CI: 1.04-1.20). In the interactive analysis between MWF aerosols and occupational noise, the workers exposed to both MWF aerosols (cumulative exposure ≥ 8.03 mg/m3-day) and occupational noise (LEX,8 h ≥ 87.22 dB(A)) had an increased prevalence of CKD (OR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.48-4.96). MWF aerosols and occupational noise had a positive interaction in prevalence of CKD.
CONCLUSIONS: Occupational MWF aerosols and noise were positively and nonlinearly associated with CKD, and cumulative MWF aerosols and noise exposure showed a positive interaction with CKD. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing kidney function of workers exposed to MWF aerosols and occupational noise. Prospective and longitudinal cohort studies are necessary to elucidate the causality of these associations.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with certain metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between PAHs and serum lipid profiles in exposed subjects remain unknown. Herein, the associations of multiple (8) urinary hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in workers of coking (n = 655) and non-ferrous smelting (n = 614) industries with serum lipid levels (marking lipid metabolism) were examined. Multivariable linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression, and quantile g-computation were used. Most urinary OH-PAHs were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in coking workers than in non-ferrous smelting workers. In workers of both industries, OH-PAH exposure was associated with elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein, as well as reduced high-density lipoprotein levels. Specifically, urinary 4-hydroxyphenanthrene was significantly positively associated with serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels in non-ferrous smelting workers; however, the completely opposite association of 4-hydroxyphenanthrene with these lipid levels was observed in coking workers. The results of this pioneering examination suggest that exposure to OH-PAHs may contribute to dyslipidemia in coking and non-ferrous smelting workers, and distinct patterns of change were observed. Further prospective studies involving larger sample sizes are needed to further validate the findings.

As a rapid, accurate and efficient analytical technique, gas chromatography is widely used in the detection of volatile organic compounds and inorganic small molecule toxins, and it is the main analytical method in the national testing standards for occupational health. The existing effective national standards of gas chromatography for the detection of some substances have low column efficiency, high toxicity of reagents, poor correlation of the standard curve and low desorption efficiency and other problems, some of which can be solved through method improvement. At the same time, with the use of new materials and new processes, new types of toxic substances are emerging, and there are still many occupational disease hazards of limited value without supporting detection methods, gas chromatography can be applied to the detection of some toxic substances to better complement the vacancy of China\'s occupational health detection methods. This paper analyzes the current situation of the application of gas chromatography in occupational health testing standards, discusses the improvement of some of these methods, and helps to promote the application and development of gas chromatography in occupational health testing.
气相色谱法作为一种快速、准确、高效的分析技术，广泛应用于挥发性有机化合物和无机小分子类毒物的检测，是职业卫生国家检测标准中的主要分析方法。现行有效的国家职业卫生标准中的气相色谱法对于部分物质的检测存在柱效低、试剂毒性大、标准曲线相关性差和解吸效率低等问题，部分物质的检测可以通过方法改进得以解决。同时，随着新材料、新工艺的使用，新型毒物层出不穷，仍有许多有职业接触限值的危害因素还没有配套的检测方法，而气相色谱法可以应用于部分毒物的检测，更好地补充我国职业卫生检测方法的空缺。本文对气相色谱法在职业卫生检测标准中的应用现状进行分析，对其中部分方法的改进加以探讨，为气相色谱法在职业卫生检测中的应用和发展提供支持。.

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of n-butylamine in the air of the workplace by ion chromatography. Methods: In February 2022, on-site sampling was carried out using an atmospheric sampler. N-butylamine was adsorbed by a neutral silica gel tube and then performed for qualitative and quantitative determination by ion chromatography after ultrasonic desorption with 10 mmol/L sulfuric acid solution. Results: The linear range of the method was 0.0375-100.0 μg/ml, the linear equation of the standard curve was y=0.0713x-0.0327, the correlation coefficient was 0.9992. The detection limit of the method was 11.25 μg/L, and the lower limit of quantification was 37.50 μg/L, the lowest quantitative concentration was 0.025 mg/m(3) (in term of sampling 7.5 L). The average desorption efficiency of the method was 91.50%-95.38%, the precision was 1.10%-2.30%, the standard recovery was 83.83%-100.02%, sampling efficiency was 100.00%. Conclusion: This method is fast, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the determination of n-butylamine in the air of workplace.
目的： 建立工作场所空气中正丁胺的离子色谱测定方法。 方法： 于2022年2月，利用大气采样器进行现场采样，正丁胺经中性硅胶管吸附，加10 mmol/L硫酸溶液超声解吸后由离子色谱法进行定性和定量测定。 结果： 该方法的线性范围为0.037 5~100.0 μg/ml，标准曲线线性方程为y=0.071 3x-0.032 7，相关系数为r=0.999 2；方法检出限为11.25 μg/L，定量下限为37.50 μg/L，最低定量浓度为0.025 mg/m(3)（以采样7.5 L计）；方法解吸效率为91.50%~95.38%，精密度为1.10%~2.30%，加标回收率为83.83%~100.02%，采样效率均为100.00%。 结论： 离子色谱法快速、灵敏、准确，可用于工作场所空气中正丁胺的测定。.

Objective: To establish a high performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) and diethyl oxalate (DEO) in workplace air. Methods: From January 2022 to January 2023, air samples were collected by silica gel tubes, desorbed by acetonitrile, separated by C18 chromatographic column, detected by photo-array detector, and retention time was used to characterize and peak area was used to quantify at 210 nm wavelength. Results: The linear relationships of DMO and DEO were good, r>0.999. The detection limits of DMO and DEO were 0.39 and 0.52 μg/ml, respectively. The quantitative limit was 1.28 μg/ml for DMO and 1.72 μg/ml for DEO. Average desorption efficiency for DMO was 82.40%-92.72%, and DEO was 94.13%-97.69%. The intra-assay precision of DMO was 1.87%-6.18%, and DEO was 2.25%-3.31%. Inter-assay precision of DMO was 3.29%-5.73%, and DEO was 1.38%-2.94%. Average sampling efficiencies were 100% for both DMO and DEO. Breakthrough capacity of DMO was 37.61 mg (200 mg solid adsorbent), DEO was >28.11 mg (200 mg solid adsorbent). Samples should be stored at 4 ℃ for at least 7 days. Conclusion: This method is easy to operate and has strong practicability. All indicators meet the requirements of the specification, and it is suitable for the simultaneous determination of DMO and DEO in the workplace air.
目的： 建立工作场所空气中草酸二甲酯（DMO）和草酸二乙酯（DEO）同时测定的高效液相色谱检测方法。 方法： 于2022年1月至2023年1月，空气样品采用硅胶管采集，乙腈洗脱解吸，经C18色谱柱分离，二极管阵列检测器检测，在210 nm波长下，以保留时间定性，峰面积定量。 结果： DMO和DEO测定方法的线性关系良好，r>0.999。DMO和DEO的方法检出限分别为0.39 μg/ml、0.52 μg/ml，方法定量下限分别为1.28 μg/ml、1.72 μg/ml。DMO和DEO的平均解吸效率分别为82.40%~92.72%、94.13%~97.69%，批内精密度分别为1.87%~6.18%、2.25%~3.31%，批间精密度分别为3.29%~5.73%、1.38%~2.94%。平均采样效率均为100%。DMO穿透容量为37.61 mg（200 mg固体吸附剂），DEO穿透容量为>28.11 mg（200 mg固体吸附剂）。在4 ℃条件下样品至少可以保存7 d。 结论： 该方法操作简便、实用性强，各项指标均满足规范要求，适用于工作场所空气中DMO和DEO的同时测定。.

Objective: To investigate the differences and applicability of free silica detection methods of different crystal forms in dust, and to provide a basis for the selection of various methods. Methods: From December 2021 to June 2022, dust samples from 20 enterprises in different industries in 18 cities in Henan Province were randomly selected as the investigation objects. X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to analyze the samples and classify the samples. Based on GBZ/T 192.4-2007 \"Determination of Dust in the Air of Workplace-Part 4: Content of Free Silica in Dust\", pyrophosphate method and infrared spectrophotometry were used for quantitative determination. The measured results were analyzed by paired sample t test to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods and their applicable scope. Results: The XRD results of 20 dust samples could be divided into α, β, γ crystal types and the mixed type of α and γ. There was no significant difference between pyrophosphate method and infrared spectrophotometry (P=0.180). The pyrophosphate method results of β, γ and α, γ mixed crystalline free silica were significantly higher than those of infrared spectrophotometry, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001) . Conclusion: Pyrophosphate method and infrared spectrophotometry are suitable for α-type free silica, while pyrophosphate method is suitable for β, γ and α, γ mixed crystalline free silica.
目的： 探讨粉尘中不同晶型游离二氧化硅检测方法的差异性与适用性，为各种检测方法的选择提供依据。 方法： 2021年12月至2022年6月，随机选择河南省内18地市不同行业20家企业粉尘样品作为调查对象，采用X线衍射（XRD）法对样品进行晶型分析，并对晶型分类后样品进行归类，再依据GBZ/T 192.4-2007《工作场所空气中粉尘测定　第4部分：游离二氧化硅含量》中焦磷酸法和红外分光光度法进行定量测定，结果进行配对样本t检验分析，评价方法优劣和适用范围。 结果： 20份粉尘样品XRD法检测结果晶型可分为α、β、γ型及α、γ混合型。其中α型游离二氧化硅的焦磷酸法和红外分光光度法检测结果差异无统计学意义（P=0.180）；β、γ型和α、γ混合型游离二氧化硅的焦磷酸法测定结果明显高于红外分光光度法，差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。 结论： 焦磷酸法和红外分光光度法均适用于α型游离二氧化硅的检测，β、γ型及α、γ混合型游离二氧化硅的检测方法适宜选用焦磷酸法。.