Objective: To analyze the anatomical characteristics of the adrenal veins through adrenal venography to improve the success rate of adrenal venography (AVS). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Patients who were diagnosed with primary aldosteronism and underwent AVS from January 2019 to October 2023 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University were included. Adrenal vein imaging was collected from the enrolled patients. We performed statistical analysis on the adrenal vein orifice position, inflow angle, and adrenal venography morphology. The adrenal venous orifice was defined as the location where the catheter was placed at the end of the calm inhalation. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the positions of bilateral adrenal vein orifices and body mass index (BMI). Results: A total of 282 patients with successful bilateral AVS and complete bilateral adrenal vein imaging were enrolled, of whom 57.1% (161/282) were male and the age was (53.3±10.7) years old. The orifice of the left adrenal vein was located between the middle segment of the 11th thoracic vertebra and the upper segment of the 2nd lumbar vertebra. The inflow angle relative to the position of the orifice was all leftward and upward. The orifice of the right adrenal vein was located between the upper segment of the 11th thoracic vertebra and the lower segment of the 1st lumbar vertebra, and 91.1% (257/282) had a rightward and downward angle of inflow relative to the position of the orifice. The position of the adrenal vein orifices on both the left (r=0.211, P<0.001) and right (r=0.196, P=0.001) showed positive correlation with BMI. The position of the right adrenal vein orifice also increased with the position of the left adrenal orifice (r=0.530, P<0.001). The most common adrenal venography morphology on the right side was triangular (36.5%, 103/282), while the most common venography morphology on the left side was glandular (66.3%, 187/282). Conclusions: The anatomical morphology of adrenal veins are diverse. Being familiar with the morphological characteristics of the adrenal vein and identifying the adrenal vein accurately during surgery has important clinical value in improving the success rate of AVS.
目的： 通过肾上腺静脉造影分析肾上腺静脉的解剖形态特征，以提高肾上腺静脉取血成功率。 方法： 本研究为横断面研究。选取2019年1月至2023年10月于大连医科大学附属第一医院确诊为原发性醛固酮增多症并行肾上腺静脉取血的患者。收集入选患者的肾上腺静脉影像资料，统计分析肾上腺静脉开口位置、流入角度和肾上腺静脉形态。肾上腺静脉开口位置定义为平静吸气末导管位置。采用Spearman相关性分析探讨两侧肾上腺静脉开口位置的关系及其与体重指数的相关性。 结果： 纳入282例双侧肾上腺静脉取血成功且双侧肾上腺静脉显影完全的患者，男性占比57.1%（161/282），年龄（53.3±10.7）岁。左侧肾上腺静脉开口位于第11胸椎中段至第2腰椎上段，其相对于开口位置的流入角度均为向左向上。右侧肾上腺静脉开口位于第11胸椎上段至第1腰椎下段，91.1%（257/282）相对于开口位置的流入角度是向右向下的。左（r=0.211，P<0.001）、右（r=0.196，P=0.001）两侧肾上腺静脉开口位置均随体重指数增大而增高。右侧肾上腺静脉开口位置随左侧肾上腺开口位置增高而增高（r=0.530，P<0.001）。右侧肾上腺静脉造影形态以三角型最为常见［36.5%（103/282）］，而左侧以腺体型最为常见［66.3%（187/282）］。 结论： 肾上腺静脉解剖形态多样。熟悉肾上腺静脉形态特点，术中快速准确判别肾上腺静脉对提高肾上腺静脉取血成功率有重要临床价值。.

BACKGROUND: Adrenal infarction (AI) is a rare type of adrenal damage, which is relatively common in systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) and pregnancy. The diagnosis of AI is mainly by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, but is easily confused with other adrenal disease. Hence, this report details a condition of AI with systemic lupus erythematosus, APS and made a differential diagnosis from imaging.
METHODS: We report a case of a 55-year-old woman with pain in her fossa axillaries and inguinal regions. Then CT scan disclosed bilateral adrenal diseases, and the patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus, APS and AI after additional autoimmune examinations.
METHODS: The patient was diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus with lupus nephritis, hematological damage and oromeningitis, APS, AI and secondary blood coagulation disorders.
METHODS: The patient was treated with methylprednisolone, hydroxychloroquine and low molecular heparin.
RESULTS: The patient relieves and remains well 1 year after treatment.
UNASSIGNED: AI can be divided hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic, with bilateral lesions more common. In our case, the AI was bilateral, partially involved and non-hemorrhagic, and the \"cutoff sign\" was first put forward in CT, which might assist the diagnosis.

Accurate cannulation of the adrenal vein is challenging during adrenal venous sampling (AVS) because of the variations in adrenal vein anatomy. This study aimed to investigate the adrenal venous morphology in Chinese and improve the success rate of AVS. A total of 221 participants with primary aldosteronism (PA) who underwent AVS were enrolled. Compare the morphology among subgroups divided according to sex, body mass index (BMI), and with or without adenoma. The success rate of right, left, and bilateral AVS was 98.60%, 97.20%, and 96.85%, respectively. The triangular pattern was the most common (39.37%) on the right side, while the glandlike pattern (70.14%) on the left. The proportion of adrenal venous morphology varies among patients with different sexes (χ2 = 21.335, P < .001), BMI (χ2 = 10.642 P = .031), and with or without adenoma (χ2 = 10.637, P = .031) on the right side, and the male, obese and adenoma group showed a higher proportion of glandlike pattern than triangular pattern. If only dependent on computed tomography, 9.05% of patients incorrectly diagnose the dominant side, 14.48% of patients would have inappropriate surgery meanwhile 25.34% of patients would miss the surgical opportunity. In conclusion, the most common types of right and left adrenal venous morphology were triangular pattern and glandlike pattern, respectively. Sex, BMI, and the presence of adenoma affected right adrenal venous morphology. Adequate knowledge of the adrenal venous morphology is critical for improving the success rate of AVS and making an appropriate treatment for PA.

BACKGROUND: Most adrenal tumors are benign and primary adrenal malignancies are relatively rare. Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is a very rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor with unknown etiology, atypical clinical symptoms, nonspecific imaging manifestations, difficult disease diagnosis and poor prognosis.
METHODS: This case report details a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital with a 1-year-old bilateral adrenal mass and 1-month-old left upper abdominal pain. Enhanced CT of the abdomen showed a right adrenal nodule and a large occupying lesion in the left adrenal region, with a high probability of pheochromocytoma. Intraoperatively, a huge tumor measuring about 12*12*10 cm was found in the left adrenal region, infiltrating the left kidney, spleen and pancreatic tail. Postoperative pathology: lymphocytes were found in the renal capsule and subcapsule, lymphocytes were found in the pancreas; lymphocytes were found in the spleen. Consider a tumor of the lymphohematopoietic system, possibly lymphoma.
CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates that primary adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PADLBCL) is highly aggressive, has a poor prognosis, is prone to recurrence, has poor therapeutic outcomes, and is difficult to diagnose. Clinicians should consider the possibility of PADLBCL when encountering huge adrenal-occupying lesions and consider chemotherapy before surgery. Reducing the tumor size before surgery is a more favorable therapeutic approach, thus prolonging the patient life and improving the quality of survival.

The Chinese tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis) has emerged as a promising model for investigating adrenal steroid synthesis, but it is unclear whether the same cells produce steroid hormones and whether their production is regulated in the same way as in humans. Here, we comprehensively mapped the cell types and pathways of steroid metabolism in the adrenal gland of Chinese tree shrews using single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptome analysis, mass spectrometry, and immunohistochemistry. We compared the transcriptomes of various adrenal cell types across tree shrews, humans, macaques, and mice. Results showed that tree shrew adrenal glands expressed many of the same key enzymes for steroid synthesis as humans, including CYP11B2, CYP11B1, CYB5A, and CHGA. Biochemical analysis confirmed the production of aldosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the tree shrew adrenal glands. Furthermore, genes in adrenal cell types in tree shrews were correlated with genetic risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome, primary aldosteronism, hypertension, and related disorders in humans based on genome-wide association studies. Overall, this study suggests that the adrenal glands of Chinese tree shrews may consist of closely related cell populations with functional similarity to those of the human adrenal gland. Our comprehensive results (publicly available at http://gxmujyzmolab.cn:16245/scAGMap/) should facilitate the advancement of this animal model for the investigation of adrenal gland disorders.
树鼩（ Tupaia belangeri chinensis）是一种新的、小型类灵长类实验动物，具有类似人肾上腺皮质网状带性激素分泌功能，但目前关于树鼩肾上腺的研究，尤其是细胞类群及其功能研究十分有限。深入研究肾上腺细胞类群及其类固醇激素合成功能 ，并比较树鼩和人类细胞类型的保守性和差异性，有望将树鼩发展成为研究肾上腺功能的动物模型。该研究利用单细胞RNA测序、空间转录组分析、质谱和免疫组化，全面绘制树鼩肾上腺中的细胞类型和类固醇代谢途径。通过比较树鼩、人类、猕猴和小鼠等不同动物肾上腺细胞类型的转录组，发现树鼩肾上腺表达许多与人类相同的类固醇合成关键酶，包括CYP11B2、CYP11B1、CYB5A和CHGA。我们通过LC-MS/MS分析证实，树鼩肾上腺产生醛固酮、皮质醇和脱氢表雄酮，但不产生硫化脱氢表雄酮。基于全基因组关联研究我们将树鼩肾上腺细胞类型中的基因与人类多囊卵巢综合征、原发性醛固酮增多症、高血压及相关疾病的遗传风险因子进行关联。研究结果表明，树鼩肾上腺可能是与人类肾上腺密切相关的细胞群，并且在功能上类似于人类肾上腺。我们的研究结果已公开发布在http://gxmujyzmolab.cn:16245/scAGMap/，将有助于指导该动物模型在肾上腺疾病研究中的应用。.

During our previous bilateral adrenal vein sampling (AVS) procedure, the authors observed that accessing the left adrenal vein through the antecubital vein was more feasible than the conventional femoral vein. Meanwhile, the femoral vein pathway facilitated access to the right adrenal vein than the antecubital vein pathway. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that simultaneous bilateral AVS via the antecubital combined with the femoral vein pathway could improve the success rate. A total of 94 cases of AVS via the antecubital combined with the femoral vein pathway were performed, while the remaining 20 cases employed the antecubital vein pathway at our center between August 2020 and April 2023. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted in this study using 15 selected articles to determine the success rate of AVS in each center and pathway. The success rate of ACTH-stimulated simultaneous bilateral AVS via the antecubital vein combined with the femoral vein pathway was 92.85% (P = .503) on the right and 95.00% (P < .001) on the left. In the antecubital vein pathway, the success rates were only 25.00% (P < .001) on the right side and 80.00% (P = .289) on the left side. The results of meta-analysis demonstrated a success rate of 78.16% on the right and 94.98% on the left for ACTH-stimulated AVS via the femoral vein pathway. Based on our center\'s experience, simultaneous bilateral adrenal vein sampling via the combined pathway could improve the success rate of AVS in the short term and shorten the learning curve.

Selective venous sampling (SVS), an invasive radiographic procedure that depends on contrast media, holds a unique role in diagnosing and guiding the treatment of certain types of secondary hypertension, particularly in patients who may be candidates for curative surgery. The adrenal venous sampling (AVS), in particular, is established as the gold standard for localizing and subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA). Throughout decades of clinical practice, AVS could be applied not only to PA but also to other endocrine diseases, such as adrenal Cushing syndrome (ACS) and Pheochromocytomas (PCCs). Notably, the application of AVS in ACS and PCCs remains less recognized compared to PA, with the low success rate of catheterization, the controversy of results interpretation, and the absence of a standardized protocol. Additionally, the AVS procedure necessitates enhancements to boost its success rate, with several helpful but imperfect methods emerging, yet continued exploration remains essential. We also observed renal venous sampling (RVS), an operation akin to AVS in principle, serves as an effective means of diagnosing renin-dependent hypertension, aiding in the identification of precise sources of renin excess and helping the selection of surgical candidates with renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) abnormal activation. Nonetheless, further basic and clinical research is needed. Selective venous sampling (SVS) can be used in identifying cases of secondary hypertension that are curable by surgical intervention. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) and aldosterone measurement for classificatory diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) are established worldwide. While its primary application is for PA, AVS also holds the potential for diagnosing other endocrine disorders, including adrenal Cushing\'s syndrome (ACS) and pheochromocytomas (PCCs) through the measurements of cortisol and catecholamine respectively. In addition, renal venous sampling and renin measurement can help to diagnose renovascular hypertension and reninoma.

患者女性，61岁，发现血压升高15年。原发性醛固酮增多症筛查试验及确诊试验均阳性。肾上腺CT表现为右侧低密度结节，但肾上腺静脉取血（AVS）常规分析显示左侧醛固酮优势分泌。进一步采用儿茶酚胺代谢产物校正，提示醛固酮分泌优势侧为右侧，且68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT证实右侧肾上腺结节代谢活性明显升高。行右侧肾上腺切除术后生化及临床达到完全缓解。最终诊断为原发性醛固酮增多症（右侧醛固酮瘤）伴亚临床库欣综合征。.

The study is devoted to the effect of lowered resuscitation temperature (26 °C) on cryopreserved porcine adrenal glands functional activity in vitro and in vivo under xenotransplantation. The adrenals were collected from newborn pigs, cryopreserved with 5 % DMSO at a rate of 1 °C/min, resuscitated at 26 or 37 °C for 48 h (5 % CO2, DMEM), embedded into small intestinal submucosa, and transplanted to bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. It has been shown that the glands resuscitated at 26 °C have suppressed free-radical processes and can produce cortisol and aldosterone in vitro, and may lead to elevated blood levels of these hormones. Moreover, the adrenal grafts maintain blood glucose levels and promote the formation of glycogen stores. Thus, the resuscitation at 26 °C can improve the quality of grafts and favor the introduction and application of the cryopreserved organs and tissues for transplantation in clinical and experimental practice.

暂无摘要。