Approximately 70-75% of women will have vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) at least once in their lifetime. In premenopausal, pregnant, asymptomatic and healthy women and women with acute VVC, Candida albicans is the predominant species. The diagnosis of VVC should be based on clinical symptoms and microscopic detection of pseudohyphae. Symptoms alone do not allow reliable differentiation of the causes of vaginitis. In recurrent or complicated cases, diagnostics should involve fungal culture with species identification. Serological determination of antibody titres has no role in VVC. Before the induction of therapy, VVC should always be medically confirmed. Acute VVC can be treated with local imidazoles, polyenes or ciclopirox olamine, using vaginal tablets, ovules or creams. Triazoles can also be prescribed orally, together with antifungal creams, for the treatment of the vulva. Commonly available antimycotics are generally well tolerated, and the different regimens show similarly good results. Antiseptics are potentially effective but act against the physiological vaginal flora. Neither a woman with asymptomatic colonisation nor an asymptomatic sexual partner should be treated. Women with chronic recurrent Candida albicans vulvovaginitis should undergo dose-reducing maintenance therapy with oral triazoles. Unnecessary antimycotic therapies should always be avoided, and non-albicans vaginitis should be treated with alternative antifungal agents. In the last 6 weeks of pregnancy, women should receive antifungal treatment to reduce the risk of vertical transmission, oral thrush and diaper dermatitis of the newborn. Local treatment is preferred during pregnancy.

混合性阴道炎是由两种或两种以上的致病微生物导致的阴道炎症，在临床上比较常见，其较单一阴道炎症诊治困难，且常伴随着复杂阴道微生态环境的存在。本专家共识针对4种常见的阴道炎症（细菌性阴道病、阴道毛滴虫病、外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病和需氧菌性阴道炎）而制定。混合性阴道炎有症状不典型、病程较长和易复发等特点。诊断时多采用阴道微生态检测方法，诊断要点：（1）同时存在至少两种病原体或同时满足两种或以上阴道炎症的诊断标准；（2）同时存在两种或以上阴道炎症相应的症状和体征，需要同时药物治疗。治疗目标为采用综合性用药方案，杀灭病原体，保护阴道有益菌群并增强其功能。治疗原则为针对不同病原，选择规范的抗菌药物，尽量减少不必要的抗菌药物的使用；建议除了对于各种感染的治疗外，强调对于阴道微生态失调的纠正。.

需氧菌性阴道炎（AV）是以阴道内乳杆菌减少或缺失、需氧菌增多为主要特点的常见阴道感染性疾病。AV患者阴道病原体复杂，包括革兰阳性和革兰阴性需氧菌，临床表现主要为黄色阴道分泌物、分泌物异味、阴道黏膜红肿等，并常合并其他阴道炎症。AV采用湿片镜检评分≥3分结合临床表现进行诊断。AV的治疗根据患者的临床特点及镜检结果进行分类管理，包括抗菌药物治疗、针对阴道黏膜炎症反应的治疗及恢复阴道微生态。针对需氧菌感染，根据镜检背景菌群为革兰阴性杆菌或革兰阳性球菌，个体化选择对应的抗菌药物。AV患者的性伴无需常规筛查及治疗。本共识也对妊娠合并AV的管理进行了阐述。.

Four common pathological conditions are associated with vaginal discharge: bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, candidosis, and the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. Chlamydial or gonococcal cervical infection may result in vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge may be caused by a range of other physiological and pathological conditions including atrophic vaginitis, desquamative inflammatory vaginitis, cervicitis, and mucoid ectopy. Psychosexual problems may present with recurrent episodes of vaginal discharge and vulval burning. These need to be considered if tests for specific infections are negative. Many of the symptoms and signs are non-specific and a number of women may have other conditions such as vulval dermatoses or allergic and irritant reactions.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a difficult-to-manage condition that affects 5-8% of women of reproductive age. Current treatment regimes have high relapse rates, resulting in poor quality of life for the women affected.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality and content of current guidelines concerned with recurrent VVC and to develop a summary of recommendations to assist in the management of women with this condition.
METHODS: Relevant clinical guidelines were identified through a search of several databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS and The Cochrane Library) and relevant websites. Five guidelines were identified. Each guideline was assessed for quality using the AGREE II instrument. Guideline recommendations were extracted, compared and contrasted.
RESULTS: The identified guidelines were of mixed quality. This is not related to the level of evidence supporting them but is because of poor stakeholder involvement, applicability and lack of clarity concerning editorial independence. Current international guidelines for recurrent VVC are consistent in terms of their definition of the condition, diagnostic techniques and utilising induction and maintenance therapy as the treatment of choice. However, the regimen suggested by most guidelines (fluconazole weekly for six months) is not particularly effective; only 42.9% of patients are disease free after 12 months. An alternative regimen put forward by one of the guidelines cites a 77% cure rate after 12 months. Most guidelines lacked specific recommendations for the induction part of induction and maintenance treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: The current most recommended treatment of recurrent VVC is sub-optimal. Studies performed on a larger scale are required to identify more effective treatments.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to provide practical, evidence-based guidelines for evaluating and treating common menopausal symptoms following breast cancer.
METHODS: Literature review of the causes, assessment and management of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients.
RESULTS: A number of nonhormonal treatments are effective in treating hot flashes. Whether pharmacological treatment is given will depend on the severity of symptoms and on patient wishes. For severe and frequent hot flashes, the best data support the use of venlafaxine, paroxetine and gabapentin in women with breast cancer. Side-effects are relatively common with all these agents. For vaginal dryness, topical estrogen treatment is the most effective but the safety of estrogens following breast cancer is not established. There are limited data on effective treatments for sexual dysfunction during menopause.
CONCLUSIONS: Menopausal symptoms after breast cancer should be evaluated and managed as warranted using a systematic approach and may benefit from multidisciplinary input.

Vaginal symptoms are common in the general population and are one of the most frequent reasons for patient visits to obstetrician-gynecologists. Vaginitis may have important consequences in terms of discomfort and pain, days lost from school or work, and sexual functioning and self image. Vaginitis is associated with sexually transmitted diseases and other infections of the female genital tract, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as adverse reproductive outcomes in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Treatment usually is directed to the specific cause of vaginal symptoms, which most commonly include bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. The purpose of this document is to provide information about the diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis.

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