有害的蓝藻水华正在增加并成为全世界关注的问题,因为许多形成水华的蓝藻物种可以产生有毒的代谢物,称为蓝藻毒素。这些包括微囊藻毒素,类毒素,Anatoxins,结节蛋白,和圆柱精子视蛋白,会对人类产生不利影响,动物,和环境。在体外和体内评估这些化合物类别的不同方法包括生物学,生物化学,分子,和物理化学技术。此外,在评估布卢姆物质时,可以观察到不归因于已知氰基毒素的毒性作用。为了确定暴露于氰基毒素并监测对饮用水和洗澡水指南的遵守情况,有必要对这些化合物进行可靠有效的分析方法。可以采用许多相对简单的低成本方法来快速评估潜在危险。这篇小型综述的主要目的是描述使用体外和体内生物测定法对有毒蓝细菌样品的评估。新出现的氰基毒素,类似物的毒性,或蓝细菌和氰毒素与其他有毒物质的相互作用,其中,仍然需要生物测定评估。这篇综述集中在一些生物和生化测定(MTT测定,免疫组织化学,微核试验,卤虫盐藻试验,大型水蚤试验,放射性核素回收,中性红细胞毒性和彗星试验,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA),膜联蛋白V-FITC测定和蛋白磷酸酶抑制测定(PPIA)),用于检测和测量包括微囊藻毒素在内的氰基毒素,cylindrospermopsin,Anatoxin-a,类毒素,和结节蛋白。尽管大多数生物测定分析通常证实低浓度的氰毒素的存在,这种生物测定可用于确定蓝细菌的某些菌株或水华是否可能产生其他,未知的有毒代谢物。这篇综述还旨在确定有关蓝藻毒性评估的研究需求和数据空白。
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing and becoming a worldwide concern as many bloom-forming cyanobacterial species can produce toxic metabolites named cyanotoxins. These include microcystins, saxitoxins, anatoxins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsins, which can adversely affect humans, animals, and the environment. Different methods to assess these classes of compounds in vitro and in vivo include biological, biochemical, molecular, and physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, toxic effects not attributable to known cyanotoxins can be observed when assessing bloom material. In order to determine exposures to cyanotoxins and to monitor compliance with drinking and bathing water guidelines, it is necessary to have reliable and effective methods for the analysis of these compounds. Many relatively simple low-cost methods can be employed to rapidly evaluate the potential hazard. The main objective of this mini-
review is to describe the assessment of toxic cyanobacterial samples using in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Newly emerging cyanotoxins, the toxicity of analogs, or the interaction of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with other toxicants, among others, still requires bioassay assessment. This
review focuses on some biological and biochemical assays (MTT assay, Immunohistochemistry, Micronucleus Assay, Artemia salina assay, Daphnia magna test, Radionuclide recovery, Neutral red cytotoxicity and Comet assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Annexin V-FITC assay and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PPIA)) for the detection and measurement of cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, saxitoxins, and nodularins. Although most bioassay analyses often confirm the presence of cyanotoxins at low concentrations, such bioassays can be used to determine whether some strains or blooms of cyanobacteria may produce other, as yet unknown toxic metabolites. This
review also aims to identify research needs and data gaps concerning the toxicity assessment of cyanobacteria.