外联是卫生和社会服务部门采用的一种战略,这通常涉及建立关系并为难以到达和隐藏人群的人们提供支持。然而,关于外展是如何概念化的,文献中缺乏明确性,外展作为一项计划和实践的核心要素,以及外展的“成功”是如何凭经验衡量的。这种差距限制了对如何最有效地实施和评估外联的理解。本范围审查的目的是通过系统地审查外联是如何概念化的来应对这些挑战,可操作,并在难以到达和隐藏人群的社区环境中进行评估。此范围审查方法是根据Arksey和O\'Malley开发并由Levac及其同事提出的六步框架进行的。搜索是在四个数据库中进行的(CINAHL,MEDLINE,PubMed,和PsycINFO),并包括研究,review,2008年1月1日至2020.16年4月20日以英文发表的非经验性文章,按标题和摘要筛选了238条记录,其次是对654篇全文文章的审查和对67篇文章的批判性评估。审查中包括42篇文章,包括28篇研究文章(90%),两次审查,和两个非经验性。研究结果表明,外展的概念化方式存在相当大的差异,已实施,并在文献中进行了评估。Further,外展通常定义不充分,并主要忽视了客户从健康和社会护理中脱离接触的潜在和系统性原因。鼓励外联提供商和研究人员利用客户主导的目标,目标,以及决定颁布的结果措施,评估,和外展的测量,并明确将外展定位为与客户一起工作,以消除护理的结构性障碍。
Outreach is as a strategy employed by those in health and social services, which generally involves establishing relationships and providing support to people situated in hard-to-reach and hidden populations. However, there is a lack of clarity across the literature on how outreach is conceptualized, the central elements of outreach as a program and practice, and how the \'success\' of outreach is empirically measured. Such gaps limit understandings of how outreach can be most effectively implemented and evaluated. The purpose of this scoping
review responds to these challenges by systematically examining how outreach has been conceptualized, operationalized, and evaluated in community settings with hard-to-reach and hidden populations. This scoping
review approach was undertaken in accordance with the 6-step framework developed by Arksey and O\'Malley and advanced by Levac and colleagues. The search was conducted across four databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsycINFO) and included research,
review, and non-empirical articles published in English between January 1, 2008 and April 20, 2020.16,238 records were screened by title and abstract, followed by a
review of 654 full-text articles and critical appraisal of 67 articles. Forty-two articles were included in the
review, including 28 research articles (90%), two
review, and two non-empirical. Findings illustrate that there is considerable variation in how outreach is conceptualized, implemented, and evaluated across the literature. Further, outreach is often inadequately defined, and predominantly overlooks the underlying and systemic reasons for clients\' \"disengagement\" from health and social care. Outreach providers and researchers are encouraged to draw on client-led aims, goals, and outcome measures to determine the enactment, evaluation, and measurement of outreach, and to explicitly position outreach as working alongside clients to remove structural barriers to care.