BACKGROUND: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), which occurs spontaneously or in response to anticancer treatment, results in the release of intracellular potassium, phosphorus, and nucleic acids into the bloodstream, which results in secondary clinical complications that may be fatal. Prior TLS guidelines do not take into consideration potent novel oncologic agents or contemporary treatment paradigms with increased risk of TLS. Thus, a modified Delphi panel of experts was convened to provide an update for TLS management guidelines based upon a combination of supporting literature and practice consensus.
METHODS: A three-round modified Delphi process was implemented. For round 1, nine expert panelists completed a web-based questionnaire developed using published literature. In round 2, panelists were asked to reconsider their answers to questions that did not reach consensus (defined as ≥ 66% agreement among voting panelists). Round 3 was an unblinded, moderated virtual meeting to discuss any remaining questions that did not reach consensus.
RESULTS: Detailed recommendations are given for prophylaxis, monitoring, and management of TLS risks and complications, with hydration being a key element of TLS prophylaxis and management. Guidelines for the management of acute effects of TLS and prevention of long-term renal effects include management of hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperuricemia.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the control of uric acid levels is quite effective with currently available agents, panelists emphasize the importance of monitoring and treating other dangerous electrolyte abnormalities such as hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia. Guidelines from this modified Delphi panel should aid clinicians in preventing and managing TLS.

Whether it appears spontaneously or is induced by therapy, the tumor lysis syndrome is responsible for a massive release of ions and puric bases degradation of products in the circulation exceeding the renal excretion capacity. Some, such as uric acid, xanthine, and calcium phosphate, can precipitate in the renal tubules or parenchyma. It must be known to any practitioner supporting patients with hematologic malignancies, mainly high-grade but also some solid tumors. The 2015 publication of the British recommendations pertaining to patients suffering from hematological diseases should be broadcast. The main goal of treatment is to prevent the occurrence of renal dysfunction associated with heavy morbidity and mortality, either for his own conduct or consequences on obtaining a good tumor response. Some items proposed for the care, whether curative or preventive, should be discussed or detailed, which is the subject of this paper.

暂无摘要。

Tumor lysis syndrome(TLS)is a life-threatening metabolic abnormality caused by the massive and abrupt release of tumor cell components into the blood. TLS can be classified as laboratory TLS(LTLS)or clinical TLS(CTLS). LTLS is characterized by 2 or more of the following metabolic abnormalities: hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia. CTLS comprises LTLS in addition to 1 or more of the following symptoms: renal insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmia/sudden death, and seizures. The prevention and treatment of TLS includes rigorous hydration, hyperuricemia management, and frequent monitoring of electrocytes and correction of electrolyte abnormalities. Rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, can rapidly reverse hyperuricemia. With the introduction of rasburicase in clinical practice, a clinical practice guideline has been released and a recommended risk assessment method and prophylaxis have been advocated. This guideline can be applied uniformly to all patients, not only those with hematological malignancies, but also those with solid tumors. However, the medical environment is changing, with the introduction of a large number of molecular targeted drugs in clinical practice. In the rasburicase era, the serum phosphate concentration will become the most important risk factor associated with CTLS. This guideline will have to be re-evaluated in the near future.

BACKGROUND: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening complication in patients with hematological disease and/or solid tumors that results from rapid, large-scale tumor necrosis occurring spontaneously, or more commonly, as a result of chemotherapy. TLS is characterized by metabolic and electrolyte imbalances that include hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Identification of risk groups as well as early detection of TLS is crucial for the establishment of appropriate strategies of prophylaxis and treatment.
METHODS: A review of the peer-reviewed literature on TLS between 1990 and 2011 was conducted via a systematic search of the PubMed database using the keywords \"TLS\" [AND] \"management,\" \"risk evaluation,\" \"prophylaxis,\" and \"treatment.\" An expert opinion-based approach was used to review the national and international recommendations and guidelines on the topic.
RESULTS: The PubMed search produced 90 results, all of which were evaluated. These studies, together with a recent international consensus panel provided recommendations for evaluating the risk of TLS and providing prophylaxis. Five algorithms are presented that consider all of the factors when assessing the risk for neoplastic disease in general, and specifically for leukemia and lymphoma.
CONCLUSIONS: The present report provides clinicians with an easily consultable tool to guide the evidence-based management of this oncohematological emergency.

A right management of the tumor lysis syndrome is essential for the ongoing improvement in survival and treatment of patients with hematological malignancies. This guide establishes clinical and laboratory criteria for confirming diagnosis, states initial laboratory tests, enumerates risk factors-based stratification criteria, and develops guidelines for prevention and treatment of the syndrome and its complications.

Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening oncological emergency characterized by metabolic abnormalities including hyperuricaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperkalaemia and hypocalcaemia. These metabolic complications predispose the cancer patient to clinical toxicities including renal insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, neurological complications and potentially sudden death. With the increased availability of newer therapeutic targeted agents, such as rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase), there are no published guidelines on the risk classification of TLS for individual patients at risk of developing this syndrome. We convened an international TLS expert consensus panel to develop guidelines for a medical decision tree to assign low, intermediate and high risk to patients with cancer at risk for TLS. Risk factors included biological evidence of laboratory TLS (LTLS), proliferation, bulk and stage of malignant tumour and renal impairment and/or involvement at the time of TLS diagnosis. An international TLS consensus expert panel of paediatric and adult oncologists, experts in TLS pathophysiology and experts in TLS prophylaxis and management, developed a final model of low, intermediate and high risk TLS classification and associated TLS prophylaxis recommendations.

暂无摘要。

Tumor lysis syndrome is a potentially life threatening complication of massive cellular lysis in cancers. Identification of high-risk patients and early recognition of the syndrome is crucial in the institution of appropriate treatments. Drugs that act on the metabolic pathway of uric acid to allantoin, like allopurinol or rasburicase, are effective for prophylaxis and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. Sound recommendations should regulate diagnosis and drug application in the clinical setting. The current article reports the recommendations on the management of tumor lysis syndrome that were issued during a Consensus Conference project, and which were endorsed by the Italian Society of Hematology (SIE), the Italian Association of Pediatric Oncologists (AIEOP) and the Italian Society of Medical Oncology (AIOM). Current concepts on the pathophysiology, clinical features, and therapy of tumor lysis syndrome were evaluated by a Panel of 8 experts. A consensus was then developed for statements regarding key questions on tumor lysis syndrome management selected according to the criterion of relevance by group discussion. Hydration and rasburicase should be administered to adult cancer patients who are candidates for tumor-specific therapy and who carry a high risk of tumor lysis syndrome. Cancer patients with a low-risk of tumor lysis syndrome should instead receive hydration along with oral allopurinol. Hydration and rasburicase should also be administered to patients with clinical tumor lysis syndrome and to adults and high-risk children who develop laboratory tumor lysis syndrome. In conclusion, the Panel recommended rasburicase for tumor lysis syndrome prophylaxis in selected patients based on the drug efficacy profile. Methodologically rigorous studies are needed to clarify its cost-effectiveness profile.

OBJECTIVE: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has recently been subclassified into either laboratory TLS or clinical TLS, and a grading system has been established. Standardized guidelines, however, are needed to aid in the stratification of patients according to risk and to establish prophylaxis and treatment recommendations for patients at risk or with established TLS.
METHODS: A panel of experts in pediatric and adult hematologic malignancies and TLS was assembled to develop recommendations and guidelines for TLS based on clinical evidence and standards of care. A review of relevant literature was also used.
RESULTS: New guidelines are presented regarding the prevention and management of patients at risk of developing TLS. The best management of TLS is prevention. Prevention strategies include hydration and prophylactic rasburicase in high-risk patients, hydration plus allopurinol or rasburicase for intermediate-risk patients, and close monitoring for low-risk patients. Primary management of established TLS involves similar recommendations, with the addition of aggressive hydration and diuresis, plus allopurinol or rasburicase for hyperuricemia. Alkalinization is not recommended. Although guidelines for rasburicase use in adults are provided, this agent is currently only approved for use in pediatric patients in the United States.
CONCLUSIONS: The potential severity of complications resulting from TLS requires measures for prevention in high-risk patients and prompts treatment in the event that symptoms arise. Recognition of risk factors, monitoring of at-risk patients, and appropriate interventions are the key to preventing or managing TLS. These guidelines should assist in the prevention of TLS and improve the management of patients with established TLS.