Among the various manifestations of oral cavity cancer, tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), is the most common form of this condition. TSCC represents a major challenge in the field of cancer treatment. The emergence of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has opened new avenues for therapeutic intervention in TSCC. This research provides an overview of siRNA-mediated mechanisms and emphasizes their complex involvement in modulating key signaling pathways associated with TSCC progression. Relevant articles from 2004 to 2023 were conducted by using different keywords, such as \"Interfering RNA \" and \"Small Interfering \". The search was following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. The selected studies (n=17) were subjected to perform comprehensive analysis. We concluded that the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways, one of oncogenic signaling cascades in TSCC is notable. siRNAs and their role in targeting specific signaling pathways help us understand the molecular mechanisms underlying TSCC that may lead to the development promising therapies for TSCC. These therapies have the advantage of personalization and precision, targeted delivery, and the potential to overcome drug resistance. Therefore, the study enhances our comprehension of siRNA-based interventions\' clinical potential in TSCC.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have indicated that microRNA (miRNA) expression in tumour tissues has prognostic significance in Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients. This study explored the possible prognostic value of miRNAs for TSCC based on published research.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases was conducted according to predefined eligibility criteria. Data were extracted from the included studies by two researchers, and HR results were determined based on Kaplan‒Meier curves according to the Tierney method. The Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) pro-GDT were applied to assess the quality of all studies. Publication bias was estimated by funnel plot, Egger\'s rank correlation test and sensitivity analysis.
RESULTS: Eleven studies (891patients) were included, of which 6 reported up-regulated miRNAs and 7 mentioned down-regulated miRNAs. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) from the prognostic indicator overall survival (OS) was 1.34 (1.25-1.44), p < 0.00001, indicating a significant difference in miRNA expression between TSCC patients with better or worse prognosis.
CONCLUSIONS: MiRNAs may have high prognostic value and could be used as prognostic biomarkers of TSCC.

UNASSIGNED: Thalassemia is a group of common genetic hematologic disorders characterized by deficient synthesis of the hemoglobin chain. Due to effective blood transfusion and optimization of chelate therapy, the survival of thalassemia patients and their overall quality of life have improved noticeably in the past few decades. As a consequence, the longer life expectancy has led to the manifestation of several concomitant morbidities, including heart disease, infections, cirrhosis, endocrine abnormalities, various malignancies, and so on. In this context, the probability and updated literature about some malignancy cases in patients with thalassemia build new scenarios for the next few years. We describe the first report of a thalassemic patient developing diabetes and head and neck cancer and try to summarize the possible predisposing factors and mechanisms behind their phenomenon.
UNASSIGNED: The current case report describes a 50-year-old Asian man who has been diagnosed with thalassemia since childhood. In early 2017, he was also diagnosed with diabetes and started on insulin-hypoglycemic treatment. The patient was then diagnosed with primary non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx in late February 2013. A biopsy of the left tongue revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in late March 2019.
UNASSIGNED: We report the first case of a thalassemic patient developing diabetes and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and discuss the possibility of a link between the three diseases. This specific case should alert physicians to the possibility of endocrinopathy and malignancy in thalassemic patients.

UNASSIGNED: The objective of the study was to detect the accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in assessing tumor depth of invasion (DOI) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue.
UNASSIGNED: The electronic search of PubMed (including MEDLINE), COCHRANE CENTRAL and Google Scholar search engine for articles published from January 1, 2000, to September 31, 2021, was conducted and also searched the lists of references of relevant articles and reviews for studies involving patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 5362 articles were retrieved in the initial search. After the initial search process, 13 full-text articles were reviewed. Out of these 13 articles, seven met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in this systematic review.
UNASSIGNED: The MRI-determined DOI based on T1-weighted sequences increases with increasing T stage. There is the highest correlation between the MRI-derived DOI and the histopathological DOI with increasing T stage. Therefore, MRI provides satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for measuring tumor DOI and, thus, may be considered a predictor of tumor stage.

The objective was to evaluate the association of the immunoexpression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers with clinicopathological and survival outcomes in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis [PROSPERO (CRD42021226791)] included observational studies that compared the association of clinicopathological and survival outcomes with CSC immunoexpression in TSCC patients. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as outcome measures. Six studies identified the association with three surface markers (c-MET, STAT3, CD44) and four transcription markers (NANOG, OCT4, BMI, SOX2). The odds of early-stage presentation were 41% (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.83) and 75% (OR = 0.25; 95% CI 0.14-0.45) lower in CSC and SOX2 immuno-positive cases than immuno-negative cases, respectively. The odds of well-differentiated tumors in transcription marker immuno-positive cases were 45% lower compared to immuno-negative cases (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.96). The odds of positive lymph nodes were 2.01 times higher in CSC immuno-positive cases compared to immuno-negative cases (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.11-3.65). Mortality in immuno-positive cases was 121% higher than that in immuno-negative cases (HR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.16-4.21). Advanced tumor staging and grading, lymph node metastasis, and mortality were significantly associated with positive immunoexpression of CSC markers.

As a method to improve the survival rate of patients with hematological malignancies, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has increasingly been used for treatment. However, some potentially serious complications after allo-HSCT, including graft-versus-host disease, graft failure, infection, end-organ toxicity, and secondary malignancies, will determine the success of hematopoietic reconstitution. Here, we describe a case of a patient with p16-positive tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) following allo-HSCT. A 62-year-old man who had previously received allo-HSCT due to acute lymphocytic leukemia (AML) presented with erosions on the back of the tongue surrounded by multiple white patches, which were compatible with oral chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). During follow-up, a circular-like erosive lesion appeared on the right dorsal surface of the tongue. Biopsy of this lesion confirmed early invasive TSCC (T2N0M0). Partial glossectomy and tongue reconstruction were performed after cessation of immunosuppressants. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was positive for p16 and ki-67, suggesting a probable active human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Six months after surgery, the patient showed no signs of metastasis or recurrence nor progression of oral GVHD.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the seventh most common cancer globally, and has been identified as a growing health concern. This study aims to evaluate the current literature comparing elective neck dissection to observation in the treatment of early-stage tongue SCC, focusing on nodal recurrence, overall survival, disease specific survival statistics from randomised controlled trials comparing the two interventions.
Systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The odds ratio (OR) was used as a summary statistic.
From 8 studies, there was a total of 372 cases of recurrence, 98 (15.1%) in END group and 274 (41.5%) in the Observation group. There was a significantly lower rate of recurrence in the END group compared to observation (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16-0.39, I2 = 54%, P < 0.00001). END was associated with higher overall survival rates when compared with observation (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.40-2.73, I2 = 14%, P < 0.0001). END was also associated with higher disease-specific survival compared with observation (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.21-2.93), I2 = 47%, P = 0.005), with no significant heterogeneity noted.
END was associated with significantly lower recurrence rates and higher overall and disease-specific survival compared to a conservative observation approach in early-stage oral SCC with clinically N0 neck.

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) has a poor prognosis due to its early metastasis through blood and lymphatic vessels. We undertook a systematic review to investigate the prognostic significance of blood microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in TSCC patients. We carried out a systematic search in Ovid Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries. All studies that evaluated the prognostic significance of MVD/LVD markers in TSCC were systematically retrieved. Our results showed that MVD/LVD markers, CD31, CD34, CD105, factor VIII, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1, and D2-40 were evaluated in TSCC patients until 28 June 2018. Six out of 13 studies reported markers that were associated with poor prognosis in TSCC. Two out of three studies suggested that a high number of D2-40+ vessels predicated low overall survival (OS); the third study reported that the ratio of D2-40+ over factor VIII+ vessels is associated with low OS. Most of the other markers had controversial results for prognostication. We found higher expression of MVD/LVD markers were commonly, but not always, associated with shorter survival in TSCC patients. It is therefore not currently possible to recommend implementation of these markers as reliable prognosticators in clinical practice. More studies (especially for D2-40) with larger patient cohorts are needed.